Short-sellers betting against European travel, leisure and bank stocks lost more than $500 million on Monday, after news of an effective Covid-19 vaccine triggered a massive jump in share prices.
Total short-selling losses across industries are likely to have been much higher, and would have deepened on Tuesday when equities extended their recovery.
European travel and leisure shares are up 12 per cent since the start of the month while banks reached a five-month high on Tuesday.
This week's dramatic rebound in beaten-up share prices came after Pfizer's announcement of positive data from its vaccine trial, raising hopes of an economic recovery.
Calculations by data provider Ortex Analytics showed short-sellers of European travel and leisure companies lost $284m based on positions held on Monday.
Losses for European bank short-sellers totalled $233m.
Rolls-Royce, Carnival and British Airways owner IAG rank among the biggest winners of this week's rally, while bank stock risers include Societe Generale, Barclays and Lloyds, all up between 10 per cent and 25 per cent.
But for short-sellers, the rebound equalled pain after several months of profitable bets – they lost an estimated $101m on Lufthansa on Monday, $52m on TUI and $66m on HSBC, Ortex data showed.
"While Pfizer described yesterday as a great day for science and for humanity, it was anything but for short-sellers who look to have been caught out by the market adjustment." said Ortex co-founder Peter Hillerberg.
Hedge funds profit when they borrow shares and sell them back when the price falls, pocketing the difference, a practice known as short-selling.
Funds with significant short positions in travel and leisure stocks include DE Shaw, GLG Partners – which had a net short position in Rolls-Royce of 0.92 per cent on November 4 – and Marshall Wace, according to UK regulatory filings.
The funds declined to comment or did not respond to requests for comment.
Betting against travel and bank stocks had been a winner for hedge funds since governments shut down swathes of their economies in March.
Short-sellers had made an estimated $1.87 billion from bank shorts since March to November 6 and $140m from wagering against travel and leisure companies, Ortex calculates.
Investors have banked profits and reduced positions since August. However, significant outstanding short exposure remained as some bet on further falls following another round of government lockdowns.
The percentage of IAG shares borrowed from those shares physically available to be borrowed – a measure of short interest known as utilisation – dropped to under 8 per cent on Monday from 74 per cent a month ago, data from FIS Astec Analytics showed.
However, speculators had built up positions against Rolls-Royce, with utilisation hitting 33 per cent on Monday from 10 per cent two months earlier, according to Astec Analytics.
"Companies whose business models have been most impaired by Covid are yet to fully recover from their lows," analysts at Barclays said in a note on Tuesday.
"They could therefore be the biggest beneficiaries of a successful vaccine deployment, as their depressed revenue and earnings are yet to recover," the note added.
