Europe may be hurtling toward a sudden halt of Russian gas, a scenario that would trigger energy rationing, higher inflation and a deep recession.
A showdown over payment terms has already led Moscow to turn off taps to Poland and Bulgaria. With supply already tight, it won’t take much more to send energy markets into shock.
Europe’s natural gas balance is “fragile and it remains just one supply disruption away from completely falling apart”, said Shikha Chaturvedi, an analyst at JPMorgan Chase.
Unless processes can be resolved to meet Kremlin demands, while also steering clear of European Union sanctions, more countries are at risk of being shut off in the coming days or weeks.
Europe relies on Russian gas for one-fifth of its electricity generation and a minor disruption could quickly ripple across the continent.
Storage levels are currently at just 32 per cent capacity, compared with the target of at least 80 per cent needed to keep homes heated and factories running through the winter.
The shutoff of Poland and Bulgaria shows the strain. While the volumes are relatively low, the shortfall soaked up supplies from Germany and liquefied natural gas cargos. That reduces the buffer to cope with further disruption.
President Vladimir Putin has decreed that gas customers in Europe pay in roubles, which the EU says violates sanctions and has called for companies to continue paying in euros — leaving it up to the Kremlin to refuse or accept.
While the bloc aims to cut its dependency on Russian gas by two-thirds this year, an abrupt halt would come too soon.
The EU has offered vague guidelines in an effort to stand up to Russia over its invasion of Ukraine while maintaining gas flows.
On Friday, Russia clarified the rules on how European customers are required to pay, easing the terms slightly but still leaving doubts over the role of the country’s sanctioned central bank in converting euros to roubles.
EU energy ministers will gather in Brussels on Monday for an emergency meeting to discuss options to maintain energy supplies and the fallout from the move by state-owned Gazprom to cut off Poland and Bulgaria.
The stand-off risks creating divisions between heavy importers such as Germany and those less exposed like France.
If Russia refused to send the fuel — critical for chemicals processes and powering auto factories — European governments would quickly implement rationing mechanisms.
A complete halt in supplies across the region would lead to a 10 per cent reduction of industrial demand, according to energy consultancy Wood Mackenzie.
Germany still relies on Russia for 35 per cent of its gas needs after starting to diversify even before the war started.
Chancellor Olaf Scholz’s administration has invoked the first step of an emergency plan, which includes closely monitoring usage. The next stage would involve directing supply.
Even without energy rationing, Europe’s economy is on shaky ground. The eurozone grew a slower-than-expected 0.2 per cent in the first quarter, reflecting a contraction in Italy, stagnation in France and weak expansion in Spain. Germany narrowly avoided a recession.
“Russia is showing that it’s ready to get serious,” German Economy Minister Robert Habeck said in Berlin last week, acknowledging that the country won’t be in a position to offset Russian gas for more than a year. “That’s not realistic, but we have to nonetheless attempt the unrealistic.”
If a cut off in gas supplies were to last more than a few months, it would have major economic implications for Europe.
Higher gas prices would increase the risk for eurozone inflation, already predicted to be at elevated levels of 7 per cent this year, according to Edward Gardner, a commodities analyst at Capital Economics.
“Given the reliance of Germany’s heavy industry on Russian gas, any interruption would represent a significant drag on economic growth,” said Mark Haefele, chief investment officer at UBS Global Wealth Management.
Uniper, Germany’s largest importer of Russian gas, is pursuing a workaround that would see it opening a euro account in Russia and allowing the funds to be converted by Gazprombank — one of the few Russian lenders that hasn’t been sanctioned. It has to make a payment in late May.
Berlin has signalled the plan is in compliance with EU guidelines, but it’s unclear if it will satisfy Moscow.
Companies from Austria and Italy have also said they believe that they will be able to keep gas flowing. That optimism has kept a lid on prices, with European gas futures rising just 1.1 per cent last week despite the shutoff of two EU member states.
Already contending with Europe’s penalties and plans to phase out imports of Russian coal and oil, the Kremlin would risk eliminating another source of revenue if it plays hard ball over gas payments.
“Russia’s loss of export earnings would be significant,” research group Energy Aspects said in a note this week.
Even if a crisis is averted for now, Mr Putin could still try again to use gas to hurt the EU and undermine the bloc’s solidarity.
