50 years on: A look at Syria's Assad dynasty in power

A timeline of the events that shaped the ruling family’s regime

• 

  On June 13, 2000, Syrians in Damascus mourn their late president Hafez Al Assad, holding portraits of him and his son, Bashar. AFP

• 

  Syrians gather in Damascus on May 24, 2007, during President Bashar Al Assad’s campaign for a no-contest referendum. AFP

• 

  Syrian President Bashar Al Assad waves to supporters outside Parliament in the capital Damascus on July 17, 2000, when he was first elected. AFP

• 

  A Hezbollah member marches past the group’s leader, Hassan Nasrallah, flanked by Syrian Defence Minister Mustafa Tlass and Syrian heir apparent Bashar Al Assad. on June 16, 2000. They were in the Assad family’s home town, Qardaha to offer condolences on the death of Hafez Al Assad, whose portrait is displayed. AFP

• 

  From right, Syrian vice president Zuheir Masharqa; the Syrian Baath Party’s deputy secretary general, Abdallah Al Ahmar; Syrian heir apparent Bashar Al Assad; vice president Abdel Halim Khaddam; parliament speaker Abdel Qader Qadura and Suleiman Qaddah, a senior Baath Party member. They were attending a service of condolence in the Assads’ home town of Qardaha on June 14, 2000. Sana via AFP

• 

  President Bashar Al Assad takes the oath of office at the Syrian parliament in Damascus on July 17, 2000. Sana via AFP

• 

  A presidential guard watches Syrian youths as they march through the streets of the capital Damascus holding portraits of late president Hafez Al Assad and of his son Bashar, on June 17, 2000. AFP

• 

  A Syrian merchant in front of his shop in Damascus displays portraits of Bashar and Hafez Al Assad, on June 20, 2000. AFP

With President Bashar Al Assad almost certain to hold on to power in Wednesday’s election, Syria will have been ruled for more than five decades by the same family.

1970: Hafez takes charge 

Hafez Al Assad, Syria’s defence minister and the father of Bashar, takes power in a military coup on November 16, 1970 that ousts president Nureddin Al Atassi.

Mr Assad, who leads the pan-Arab nationalist Baath party, is elected president on March 12, 1971. He is the only candidate.

He is Syria’s first head of state from the Alawite sect of Shiite Islam. The minority makes up 10 per cent of the population.

1973: War with Israel 

Egypt and Syria launch a surprise attack on Israel on October 6, 1973 in a bid to win back territories they lost in the 1967 Middle East War, but they are pushed back.

A disengagement agreement for the Golan Heights – formerly held by Syria – is signed in May 1974, officially ending the war.

1976: Lebanon intervention

A month later, US president Richard Nixon visits Damascus and announces the re-establishment of diplomatic relations with Syria, which have been frozen since 1967.

Two years later, Syrian troops intervene in the Lebanese civil war, with US approval, after an appeal by embattled Christian forces.

For three decades, Damascus will be a dominant military and political force in Lebanon.

1982: Brutal repression 

The Syrian regime viciously cracks down on an armed uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood in the city of Hama in February 1982. Between 10,000 and 40,000 people die.

The Brotherhood have been previously accused of a 1979 attack in which 80 military cadets, all Alawite, were killed in a hail of gunfire and grenades at their academy in Aleppo.

Courting the West 

Syria’s ties with the US begin to thaw in 1990-1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, with which Damascus a decade earlier had signed a Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation.

After Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, Syria joins the multinational forces in the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein.

2000: Son Bashar takes over 

Hafez Al Assad dies on June 10, 2000, at the age of 69. A month later, his son Bashar becomes Syria’s new head of state, winning a referendum with 97 per cent of the vote. Again, he is the only candidate.

In September that year, 100 intellectuals call for the lifting of martial law, more freedom and political pluralism. It becomes known as the “Damascus Spring”.

But the period of apparent openness is short-lived. Mr Assad’s government cracks down on dissent and arrests 10 opponents in July 2001.

2011: Arab Spring 

A decade later, the Arab uprisings against autocratic rulers in the Middle East arrive in Syria. Protests break out in March calling for civil liberties and the release of political prisoners.

Brutally repressed by the regime, the demonstrations turn into a devastating war, with several regional and international powers, and extremist groups, getting involved.

Decade-long war 

With huge military support from Iran and Russia, the Assad regime has ground out a string of military victories in recent years and regained about two thirds of Syria.

The war has claimed more than 388,000 lives and about 12 million people have been displaced or forced into exile. It has caused massive destruction and battered the country’s economy.

Read more on Syria: