Companies raise $594bn in 2021 through IPOs

Healthcare and technology sectors drive new listings amid Covid-19 pandemic

Rivian Automotive raised over $12bn in its market debut in November, making it the largest US IPO since Alibaba Group in 2014. AP

Initial public offerings (IPOs) around the world raised a record $594 billion in 2021, riding the coattails of stock market rallies, yet often disappointing investors with their subsequent stock performance.

Companies ranging from technology start-ups to blank-check acquisition firms flooded the market with offerings, capitalising on investors' willingness to place speculative bets as low-interest rates and the re-opening of economies thanks to Covid-19 vaccines fuelled their appetite for risk.

“It was a truly euphoric capital market when you put it in the context of new issuance activity, and in particular in the creation of new public companies,” said Andrew Wetenhall, co-head of equity capital markets in the Americas at Morgan Stanley.

Some of those bets worked out. Those who bought into the $1.2bn IPO of lending start-up Affirm Holdings, backed by PayPal, in January have more than doubled their money, versus a 25 per cent return in the S&P 500 index.

But many IPOs soured. Shares of Swedish vegan milk maker Oatly Group, which raised $1.4bn in its IPO in New York in May, are down 53 per cent, while those of British food delivery app Deliveroo, which raised 1.5bn pounds ($2.1bn) when it listed in London in March, are down 46 per cent.

The Renaissance IPO index, which tracks the average performance of newly listed US IPOs, is down about 8 per cent for the year, compared with a 25 per cent rise in the S&P 500 index.

Some bankers cautioned that shares of some of the companies that went public in 2021 are still trading at historically high valuations, even if they took a hit after their IPO. This is because many investors were willing to pay top dollar to buy into these companies in private fundraising rounds in the run-up to their IPOs.

“The issue is that buyers of these IPOs as well as after-market buyers are marking losses,” said Paul Abrahimzadeh, co-head of North America equity capital markets at Citigroup.

A total 2,097 IPOs, excluding those of special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs), raised $402 billion in 2021 globally, according to data provider Refinitiv. That was an 81 per cent increase in proceeds and a 51 per cent rise in the number of IPOs from 2020.

Including SPACs, which are shell companies that typically launch when they have lined up investors, IPO proceeds in 2021 reached $594bn, according to data vendor Dealogic.

The biggest sectors driving IPO volumes were technology and health care. There were 426 technology IPOs launched this year and 332 healthcare-related deals, collectively accounting for almost 42 per cent of IPO proceeds raised by companies globally, according to Refinitiv.

Among the biggest offerings in 2021 was electric-vehicle maker Rivian Automotive, which raised over $12bn in its market debut in November, making it the largest US IPO since Alibaba Group in 2014.

Other major ones included Chinese online video company Kuaishou Technology, with $5.4bn in proceeds, and Korean e-commerce giant Coupang, which raised $4.6bn.

“It has been an extraordinary year for equity formation globally – I say one that is unlikely to be repeated any time soon,” said James Fleming, global co-head of equity capital markets at Citigroup Inc.

SPACs, which went public mostly in New York, raised a total of about $160bn this year, accounting for 28 per cent of the total proceeds raised by US IPOs, according to Refinitiv.

They had a roller-coaster ride as investor enthusiasm for them at the beginning of the year turned to disappointment because of their poor returns.

The main SPAC exchange-traded fund, the Defiance Next Gen SPAC Derived ETF, has shed 25 per cent of its value year-to-date after peaking in February.

“The peak pace of [SPACs] activity was never sustainable and now the market is consolidating. But SPACs are not going away,” said Eddie Molloy, co-head of equity capital markets in the Americas at Morgan Stanley.

The IPO pipeline for the first quarter of 2022 is strong, with social media platform Reddit, transportation tech start-up Via, software maker Cohesity and private equity firm TPG having filed with regulators to go public.

Still, investment bankers say the recent lukewarm financial performance of many IPOs means that this year's bonanza is unlikely to be repeated in 2022, especially if stock markets lose some steam because of inflation and other economic concerns.

There is also regulatory risk. The US Securities and Exchange Commission has cracked down on the New York listings of Chinese firms, requiring more disclosures. Ride-hailing giant Didi Global, which completed its $4.4bn IPO in New York in June, has said it will move its listing to Hong Kong, as China pushes many of its companies to go public closer to home.

“I have to think [2022] will be a down year on global issuance levels,” Mr Fleming said.