The UN General Assembly on Wednesday passed a resolution asking the world's top court to define countries' legal obligations related to combating climate change.
The move, spearheaded by the small Pacific island nation of Vanuatu that has been affected by storms and rising sea levels, could push nations into taking stronger measures.
Vanuatu’s Prime Minister Ishmael Kalsakau called the resolution “a win for climate justice of epic proportions”.
It "will have a powerful and positive impact on how we address climate change and protect present and future generations", he said.
Inspired by Pacific island law students, the resolution calls on the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague, the Netherlands, to lay out nations' obligations for protecting the climate.
"Together, you are making history," UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres told the General Assembly.
The resolution is non-binding but Mr Guterres said an ICJ opinion "would assist the General Assembly, the UN and member states to take the bolder and stronger climate action that our world so desperately needs".
More crucially, the measure also asks the ICJ to lay out legal consequences for failing to take action.
Carefully crafted to avoid blaming nations that have contributed the most to global warming, the resolution was co-sponsored by more than 120 countries, including Britain, France, Germany, Australia, Morocco and New Zealand.
But neither of the world's two largest polluters, the US and China, endorsed it.
US diplomat Nicholas Hill said Washington disagreed that the initiative was the best approach for achieving "shared goals" on climate and reaffirmed the US position that "diplomatic efforts are the best means by which to address the climate crisis".
Climate change hits chilli production in Pakistan - in pictures
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Near Kunri, a town in southern Pakistan known as Asia's chilli capital, 40-year-old farmer Leman Raj, pictured right with his son, rustles through dried plants looking for any of the bright-red chillies in his largely ruined crop that may have survived. All photos: Reuters -
'My crops suffered heavily from the heat, then the rains started, and the weather changed completely. Now, because of the heavy rains, we have suffered heavy losses in our crops, and this is what has happened to the chillies,' Leman says, holding up desiccated, rotten plants. 'All the chillies have rotted away.' -
Floods that wreaked havoc across Pakistan in August and September, on the back of several years of high temperatures, have left chilli farmers struggling to cope. -
In a country heavily dependent on agriculture, the more extreme climate conditions are hitting rural economies hard, farmers and experts say, underscoring the vulnerability of South Asia's population to changing weather patterns. -
Officials have already estimated damages from the floods at more than $40 billion. -
Pakistan is ranked fourth in the world for chilli production, with 60,700 hectares of farms producing 143,000 tonnes annually. Agriculture forms the backbone of Pakistan's economy, leaving it vulnerable to climate change. -
Before the floods, hot temperatures made it harder to grow chilli, which needs more moderate conditions. -
'When I was a child ... the heat was never so intense. We used to have a plentiful crop. Now it has become so hot, and the rains are so scarce that our yields have dwindled,' Leman says. -
Dr Attaullah Khan, director of the Arid Zone Research Centre at Pakistan's Agricultural Research Council, told Reuters that heatwaves over the past three years had affected the growth of chilli crops in the area, causing diseases that curled their leaves and stunted their growth. Now the floods pose a whole new set of challenges. -
'Coming to climate change: how do we overcome that?' he says. 'Planning has to be done on a very large scale. Four waterways that used to carry (excess) water to the ocean have to be revived. For that we will have to make some very hard decisions ... but we don't have any other choice.' -
Many farmers say they have already faced tough decisions. As flooding inundated his farm a few months ago, Kunri farmer Faisal Gill decided to sacrifice his cotton crops to try to save chilli. -
'We constructed dykes around cotton fields and installed pumps, and dug up trenches in the chilli crop to accumulate water and pump it out into the cotton crop fields, as both crops are planted side by side,' he says. Destroying his cotton enabled him to save just 30% of his chilli crop, he says, but that was better than nothing. -
In Kunri's bustling wholesale chilli market, Mirch Mandi, the effect is also being felt. Although mounds of bright red chilli dot the market, traders said there is a huge drop on previous years. -
'Last year, at this time, there used to be around 8,000 to 10,000 bags of chillies in the market,' trader Raja Daim says. 'This year, now you can see that there are barely 2,000 bags here, and it is the first day of the week. By tomorrow, and the day after, it will be even less.'
The idea of seeking an advisory legal opinion from ICJ came from a group of law students from island nations four years ago.
One of the students, Cynthia Houniuhi, president of Pacific Islands Students Fighting Climate Change, told The National: “It is time we hear what the highest court in the world has to say about an issue that poses an existential threat not only to us in the Pacific region but to those around the world as well.”
She said they first learnt about the “nexus between climate change and human rights” in their international environment law class.
With a population of only 300,000 people, rising sea levels threaten Vanuatu's existence. It declared a state of emergency this month after it was struck by a 6.5-magnitude earthquake followed by two category-four cyclones within a week.
Ms Houniuhi and her classmates brainstormed ways to seek action through various legal mechanisms.
“We were convinced that the International Court of Justice was the most appealing option after our assessment of the global impact such authority can potentially have to the efforts to combat the climate crisis,” she said.
They contacted Jorge Vinuales, professor of law and environmental policy at the University of Cambridge in the UK, who helped draft the legal question to go to the ICJ.
He told The National that climate change was the “main challenge humanity has ever faced”.
“However difficult the road to get to the ICJ, we really need to hear from the world court on whether the conduct that, for over two centuries, has come to massively harm the conditions of human existence as we know it is lawful or not under the entirety of international law,” he said.
The students drafted a letter to Pacific Island leaders which propelled the Vanuatu government to lobby for the climate resolution at the UN.
The officials launched the campaign in September 2021.
Human Rights Watch international justice expert Richard Dicker said “people on the front lines of the climate crisis have “little access to independent courts to achieve accountability and redress. Activists and ordinary citizens defending their rights to land and the environment have faced intimidation, legal harassment, and deadly violence,” he said.
