Firefighters struggled against rugged terrain, high winds and an August heatwave on Tuesday to slow the spread of the biggest wildfire recorded in California — an inferno that grew to be nearly the size of Los Angeles in just 11 days.
The 1,165 square-kilometre blaze, centred near the community of Upper Lake about 160km north of San Francisco, spread fast because of what officials said was a perfect combination of weather, topography and abundant vegetation turned into highly flammable fuel by years of drought.
Firefighting efforts were also initially hampered by stretched resources, said the Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, also known as Cal Fire.
When the blaze started on July 27, thousands of firefighters were hundreds of kilometres north battling a massive fire that spread into the city of Redding, destroying more than 1,000 homes, in addition to a dozen other major blazes.
A few days after the Upper Lake fire started, Cal Fire Battalion Chief John Messina told a community meeting that with so many fires already raging in California, "resources are already committed" so officials were forced to prioritise public safety and private property.
"After those two things are addressed, then we'll go after the pieces of fire that are in remote areas," Mr Messina said. "Typically, we'd go at all at once. There is just not the resources for that."
The flames were raging in mostly remote areas, and no death or serious injury was reported. However, at least 75 homes have been lost and thousands of people have been forced to flee. The blaze, called the Mendocino Complex, was reported to be only about 20 per cent contained on Tuesday.
Its rapid growth at the same time firefighters were battling more than a dozen other major blazes around the state fanned fears that 2018 could become the worst wildfire season in California history.
"For whatever reason, fires are burning much more intensely, much more quickly than they were before," said Mark A Hartwig, president of the California Fire Chiefs Association.
About 3,900 firefighters, including a crew of 40 volunteers from New Zealand, were battling the blaze, contending with temperatures in the high 90s and winds gusting to 40kph.
The heavily forested area of myriad canyons where the fire is spreading has few roads or natural barriers that can serve as firebreaks or offer safe havens for firefighters to battle the flames head on, Cal Fire Battalion Chief Jonathan Cox said.
So firefighters instead fell back to natural barriers such as streams or used bulldozers to cut fire lines, but the flames were moving so fast in spots that they blew past, forcing firefighters to retreat, Mr Cox said.
"There's no way you're going to stop that fire," said Kyle Coleman, 28, who returned to his childhood home last week to help his father try — in vain, it turned out — to protect it. "A big wall of flames came over the mountain … I pretty much got my dad out of there."
In all, 14,000 firefighters were battling fires across California, which has been experiencing earlier, longer and more destructive wildfire seasons because of drought, warmer weather attributed to climate change and the building of homes deeper into the forests.
"Cal Fire is really an urban firefighter service in the woods," said Arizona State University professor Stephen Pyne, a wildfire management expert.
The Mendocino Complex is actually two blazes burning so close together that authorities are attacking them as one, a common practice at Cal Fire. The fires started within an hour of each other about 25 kilometres apart. As of Tuesday, they were separated by just a few miles. Officials have not determined the cause of either one.
In becoming the biggest fire in California history, the Mendocino Complex blaze broke a record set just eight months ago. A fire in Southern California in December killed two people, burnt 1,140 square kilometres and destroyed more than 1,000 buildings.
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Crews also gained ground this week against another Northern California wildfire near the city of Redding that was blamed for at least six deaths.
Meanwhile, a blaze burning near Yosemite National Park has been raging for nearly a month but is still just a third the size of the biggest fire, although dense smoke has closed much of the park to visitors for the past two weeks.
California's firefighting costs have more than tripled from $242 million in the 2013 fiscal year to $773m in the 2018 fiscal year that ended June 30, according to Cal Fire.
"We're in uncharted territory," Governor Jerry Brown warned last week. "Since civilisation emerged 10,000 years ago, we haven't had this kind of heat condition, and it's going to continue getting worse. That's the way it is."
