The leaders of the US, the UK and Australia have announced that Canberra will acquire conventionally armed, nuclear-powered submarines.
US President Joe Biden, Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese and British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak gathered at a naval centre in San Diego, California, on Monday to hammer out the Aukus security partnership, which was first announced in September 2021.
China and Russia's reaction to the announcement was hostile after the architects of the deal said it was intended to deepen defence ties, at a time when Beijing is expanding its influence across the Indo-Pacific region.
“The latest joint statement from the US, UK and Australia demonstrates that the three countries, for the sake of their own geopolitical interests, completely disregard the concerns of the international communities and are walking further and further down the path of error and danger,” China's Foreign Ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin said on Tuesday.
Meanwhile, the Kremlin said the plan to create a fleet of nuclear-powered submarines raised questions about non-proliferation.
Mr Biden, Mr Albanese and Mr Sunak on Monday said the agreement renewed a centuries-old alliance to sustain peace, stability and prosperity around the world.
Defence officials from the three countries and US congressional representatives celebrated in the audience.
“This is a genuine trilateral undertaking. All three nations stand ready to contribute and all three nations stand ready to benefit,” Mr Albanese said.
“I look out from here today and I see new frontiers … through Aukus, we turn ourselves to face the future.”
He said the new submarines would be “Australian sovereign”, “built by Australians, commanded by the Royal Australian Navy and sustained by Australian workers in Australian shipyards”.
Mr Biden said: “The hard work of enhancing deterrence and promoting stability is going to affect the prospects of peace for decades to come.”
He repeated that the submarines would be nuclear-powered but not nuclear-armed.
“This first project is only the beginning … the United States could not ask for two better friends or partners,” Mr Biden said.
Mr Sunak said the submarines would be “truly interoperable” as the Royal Navy would operate the same submarines as the Royal Australian Navy, sharing parts with the US Navy.
“We will raise our standards of nuclear non-proliferation,” he said. “This is a powerful partnership. For the first time ever, it will mean three fleets of submarines working together across both the Atlantic and Pacific.”
The White House said the alliance had “identified the optimal pathway” to provide Australia with conventionally armed, nuclear-powered submarines, which included the acquisition of a fleet of British-built vessels that incorporate US technology.
Nuclear-powered submarines would give Australia's navy far greater force and strategic strength as they can remain at sea for months.
Chinese warnings that Aukus could set off an arms race were rejected by a senior White House official who said “the fundamental purpose” of the pact was to “enhance deterrence and support security and stability in the Indo-Pacific”.
“We believe that [the Indo-Pacific] is increasingly being challenged [and] under threat, not only by developments in China but other countries like North Korea and Russia,” another official said.
The US had previously shared its submarine technology only with Britain, in the late 1950s.
While the submarines will be nuclear-powered, Australia has made it clear it does not intend to try to obtain nuclear weapons.
Charles Edel, the chairman of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, said that the US, through Aukus, was strengthening two of its closest allies and seeking to convince China “that it is no longer operating in a permissive security environment”.
“Each nation has a slightly different rationale for Aukus but it largely boils down to China,” he said at an event hosted by the centre.
China “was not mentioned when Aukus was first announced, although the exponential growth of Beijing's military power and its more aggressive views over the past decade were the clear animating force behind it”, Mr Edel said.
Aukus infuriated Paris, as it caused Australia to abruptly scrap a $66 billion deal to buy conventional French submarines.
Mr Biden pitched a major boost in submarine production in a budget proposal last week.
