A series of meetings in Europe show how hard the continent's defence build-up will be

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz and French President Emmanuel Macron at a joint security meeting in Toulon, France, on August 29, 2025. Reuters

When French President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Friedrich Merz wrapped up their first full-scale summit on Friday, the mood did not seem good. “Trouble at home, chaos in the world, but together they want to be strong,” was the way one German newspaper headline put it.

The test of the relationship between France and Germany does not lie in the two men’s personal relationship, which seems strong. It can be found in an angular prototype model of the next (sixth) generation of fighter jet, a €100 billion ($117.2 billion) joint project that is bedevilled by infighting behind the scenes.

Mercifully, there has not been a full-scale test of the capabilities of modern fighter jets, but a series of conflicts have provided a shattered glass picture of each model.

The F35 has been used extensively to create a wasteland in Gaza that the Israeli government appears determined to crush. It has also been used in the 12-day war against Iran. The F16 has been used in Ukraine after Russia failed to establish air supremacy for its Su-57. The Swedish Gripen jet was used in the recent combat between Thailand and Cambodia. Meanwhile, the Chinese J-10 was involved in the India-Pakistan clashes earlier this year.

What all the major powers are now looking towards is a future generation of fighter jets that transcend the current air wars. This is where it got tricky for Mr Macron and Mr Merz. The Toulon summit did not produce an outcome, hence they agreed to have another meeting on the matter at the end of the year.

The challenge for developers is that the next-gen jet must cut the link with Top Gun-era fighters and bombers to become something much more like a Star Wars-style platform. The needs of European security are to cover an electrical, aerial, spatial and ballistic spectrum through a command platform. Calling that “flying nerve centre” a fighter jet no longer adequately encapsulates the needed security role.

This week sees two prestigious Central European summits on the future of the continent. Heads of state and government, ministers and officials are assembled at the Bled Security Forum in Slovenia, where the topics are focused on how the region is responding to changing geopolitical realities.

What all the major powers are now looking towards is a future generation of fighter jets that transcend the current air wars

In the Czech Republic, meanwhile, the International Institute for Strategic Studies is hosting the Prague Defence Summit. Event organisers say it is looking at the development of a roadmap for the defence of Europe. It says the main topics are the “evolving transatlantic and European defence ecosystems, operational challenges related to deterring Russia, the role of external partners in generating European military capacity and new approaches to funding defence”.

The French-German tie-up to build a new combat platform is not the only one fielded by Europe. The British, Italians and Japanese are slightly further along and more united on their Tempest concept fighter jet. It remains to be seen how open the door is to Saudi Arabia to join as a full partner in this project. The Swedes, meanwhile, are happily persistent in developing their own lower-profile jets that have a loyal following.

Capital spending is, of course, the starting point of the development projects getting off the ground, but Europe’s resources are stretched tight. When US President Donald Trump mentioned the development of the F-50 as his legacy project to evolve the US fighter jets, there was little doubt that Congress would find the money to produce a technology unrivalled across the world.

At one level, the French-German project is embroiled in a dispute over how the spoils are divided. Reports say that the French want 80 per cent of the equity while expecting the Germans to bankroll the expenditure. How does that work? Well, the firms that are promising the digital and electronics expertise can be delivered on their side.

The fighter of the future will need an infrastructure that goes beyond the military realm. The Europeans will need to provide the cloud computing capacity that, for the moment, only the US and China possess. It will need to be integrated into a continent-wide missile shield that currently does not exist. Hypersonic missile attack systems will be a necessary component in parts of the system. Autonomous drone fighting will be the most prized facet of attack warfare. The ability to swarm with drones and nano technology, all centred into a cluster, can determine where the advantage lies.

The meetings in Bled and Prague will see questions raised over how credible the European defence spending build-up is, and if the continent can stand alone in its own defence as Washington withdraws its security blanket. Can they build systems that overcome the technological gap with the US? Can they develop across the range of threats both existing and emerging? Will there be a moment of truth when the competing development plans are merged to better manage scarce resources?

The answer from Toulon last week was that the partners are a long way off from making the hard choices that show they can master their own future security requirements.