Exacerbated by scorching summer temperatures, Egypt’s rolling power cuts have unleashed a wave of criticism of the government on social media with a fearlessness unseen since President Abdel Fattah El Sisi took the helm 10 years ago.
The criticism has caused a flood of posts on pro-government accounts with messages that vary between praise for Mr El Sisi’s leadership and achievements and stern warnings against action that could bring instability.
They also called for unity in the face of national security threats posed by conflicts raging in Egypt’s neighbours and explained the criticism away as part of a malicious campaign of rumours.
The power cuts have hit a sector long touted by Mr El Sisi and his government as a success story.
In 2018, Egypt and German giant Siemens said they had added 14.5 gigawatts to the power grid by upgrading power plants and building new ones, in a record-breaking two-and-a-half years.
That alone is more than half of Iraq's electricity production capacity, but it is failing to meet soaring demand.
In a nation where 30 per cent of its 106 million people live in poverty, according to official figures, the power cuts have deepened the suffering of millions struggling in the face of skyrocketing prices, a plummeting currency and reduced state subsidies on goods and services.
“Whoever wants to destroy his nation because of the price of gas, bread and milk should not worry because these items will be available free of charge in refugee camps,” declared one post from a pro-government Facebook account, echoing often repeated comments by Mr El Sisi that instability would plunge the county into chaos.
The criticism on social media has gone beyond frustration over the power cuts and even economic woes, touching on the wider question of how Egypt has been ruled since the military seized power in a 1952 coup.
“The people have been harvesting non-stop defeats, political, economic and civilisational setbacks since the republic was founded in 1953 and that’s because of one key reason: The absolute powers of presidents,” Anwar El Hawary, possibly the most outspoken of all government critics on social media, wrote on Facebook.
Some of Mr El Sisi’s supporters have joined the critics in vilifying the government, but with the important caveat that it is Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly and his cabinet to blame, not the president, although he has supreme power.
Legislator Mustafa Bakry, a television talk show host and a staunch supporter of Mr El Sisi, has been at the forefront of efforts to discredit the critics while absolving the president of any responsibility.
His argument is partially founded on the notion that Mr El Sisi, a former army general who runs the economy down to the smallest detail, has not received the help he needs to translate his vision into action.
“The [Egyptian] people can only endure so much and had it not been for their faith in the political leadership [Mr El Sisi] they would not have remained silent,” said Mr Bakry.
“We have a skipper [Mr El Sisi] who is a patriot. You can say whatever you want but he has been unlucky, surrounded by challenges and problems from every direction while only a handful of people are sincerely lending him a helping hand.”
Speaking at an Egypt-EU investment conference in Cairo on Saturday, Mr El Sisi also appeared to be absolving himself and his government of responsibility for the economic crisis. He cited the Covid pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine war and the Gaza conflict as the main contributors to the country’s financial woes.
The furore over the power cuts is being played out against a backdrop of a severe economic crisis – some say it is the worst in memory – that critics chiefly blame on what they say is reckless borrowing, high spending on mega infrastructure projects that are unnecessary or could have waited given the dire state of key sectors like health and education.
Mr El Sisi says the new infrastructure, including thousands of kilometres of motorway, is vital to maintain economic momentum in the coming years.
The Egyptian pound has lost two-thirds of its value since early 2022. Servicing the country’s foreign debt, which stands at $160 billion, or over three times government revenue, eats up much of the country’s foreign currency earnings.
A bailout package worth about $50 billion from the IMF, World Bank, the EU and Gulf nations saved the country from a complete meltdown this year.
On Saturday, European companies declared their intention to sign deals potentially worth more than $42.85 billion, according to European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen. But the implementation timeline for these investments is uncertain.
It is unclear why authorities have so far tolerated the more outspoken posts by government critics. One explanation gaining traction is the government had no choice but to allow critics to vent, to prevent popular discontent from boiling over into unrest on the streets.
A shortage of diesel and natural gas to run the country’s power stations at full capacity is behind the electricity crisis.
The government had argued that the power cuts – lasting three hours a day but reportedly twice as long in some places – save the treasury hundreds of millions of dollars that would have otherwise been spent buying diesel and natural gas for power stations.
Egyptians have been asked to endure the power cuts for the good of the nation. The cuts, which began a year ago, initially lasted an hour and were later extended to two. Last week, the cuts were increased to three hours, coinciding with one of several heatwaves.
Mr El Sisi has repeatedly defended the cuts as a small sacrifice, warning that Egyptians will have to pay twice or three times what electricity is costing them now if they want uninterrupted power.
However, many Egyptians saw the cuts as an inexplicable and inexcusable dereliction of the government’s duty to deliver a basic service.
The prime minister, meanwhile, recently told Egyptians they should consider themselves lucky because other countries in the region suffered much longer cuts.
His comments were widely interpreted as insensitive, but his tone changed dramatically after the state-controlled media last week reported that the president had ordered the government to end the electricity crisis.
“The subject of electricity is very sensitive to us as officials because we empathise with the people’s suffering regardless of how long the power cuts last,” he told a nationally televised news conference after apologising to Egyptians.
“We were all sad to take the decision to extend the power cuts to three hours … our overwhelming concern now is to get through this crisis,” said Mr Madbouly, who took office six years ago.
Mr El Sisi was full of praise for Egyptians on Saturday, commending them on their perseverance.
“Egyptians are a strong and steadfast people who faced huge challenges that were absolutely not of their making,” he said.
“I would like to greet every Egyptian, man and woman, who are recently enduring life's hardships and rising prices,” he said in an address on Sunday.
Critics, meanwhile, are taking issue with the president’s decision to keep Mr Madbouly as prime minister after he dismissed the government nearly four weeks ago.
“What worries me the most is the narrative adopted by the official media that the new government will be an extension of the outgoing one and that it must build on the same policies and the successes already achieved,” said Ziad Bahaa El Deen, a former deputy prime minister who was in charge of the economy.
“If we are convinced that the management of the economy in recent years was successful and that it’s imperative, even necessary, to build on its achievements, then there is no hope for economic improvement.”
