AlUla's research support 'transformative' in shedding new light on ancient kite structures

Lead archaeologist says multi-level approach uncovered new findings on ancient hunting method

Saudi Arabia's Royal Commission for AlUla is comprehensively regenerating the area as a leading global destination for cultural and natural heritage. One of the centrepieces by 2035 will be the Cultural Oasis, shown here. Photo: Royal Commission for AlUla

An ancient ‘kite’ hunting trap in the sandstone of AlUla. Photo: Royal Commission for AlUla

Rebecca Repper and David Kennedy, both of the University of Western Australia, survey the Al Hamra region in eastern AlUla County for kites. Photo: Royal Commission for AlUla

The variety of kite forms recorded on the Harrat 'Uwayrid volcanic lava field in AlUla. Photo: Rebecca Repper / Google Earth

Stylised diagram of kites showing their key components. Photo: drawn by Rebecca Repper

Aerial view of a kite in the Khaybar area of north-west Saudi Arabia. Photo: Royal Commission for AlUla

Another kite in the Khaybar area. Photo: Royal Commission for AlUla

Diagram of a ‘hatchet’ kite at Harrat 'Uwayrid shows the typical lopsided enclosure shape that extends alongside the apex of the guide walls, in this case, attached to the guide wall, ending in a single cell trap. Photo: drawn by Rebecca Repper

Aerial view of a V-shaped kite on the eroded eastern edge of the Harrat ’Uwayrid. The guide walls of this kite curve and converge towards a cliff edge, at the bottom of which a collapsed enclosure can be seen which may have assisted in trapping the target prey. Photo: Royal Commission for AlUla

Another ancient kite hunting trap in AlUla. Photo: Royal Commission for AlUla

New strides have been made in studying ancient stone-built animal traps, known as ‘desert kites’, after decades of debate on the origins and function of these huge structures.

A team of experts and researchers have been working with Saudi Arabia's Royal Commission of AlUla to better determine the function of these illusive shapes and structures that have been discovered in the thousands across the region, stretching from Kazakhstan up to the western deserts of the kingdom.

New research has revealed that the kites were used for extensive hunting of wild animals from the late Neolithic and shows the ingenuity of the region’s people. A Royal Commission for AlUla (RCU)-sponsored team, the Aerial Archaeology in the Saudi Arabia — AlUla, detected 207 previously unknown kites in the AlUla region.

The triangle-looking structures have been found mainly concentrated near the Harrat Khaybar, an upland area with an extinct volcano, with some that date back to the fourth and seventh centuries BC. The structures were named ‘kites’ by aviators in the 1920s because, observed from above, their form is reminiscent of old-fashioned children’s kites with streamers.

Led by Rebecca Repper, an archaeologist specialising in aerial surveying, these kites have reached new horizons thanks to the teams ability to adopt a multilevel approach in studying the structures from above and on the ground.

“The work done here in with the help of RCU has been transformative, thanks to aerial surveying using helicopters, whereas the long practice method of using satellite imagery has been less successful in locating most of the kites structures.” Ms Repper said.

She explained that those who had built the kites to trap animals as hunting methods built the kite walls, which are made of short linear rubble formations that followed landscapes and terrains closely, making it more difficult to identify using satellite images alone.

All kites in the region have driving lines of low stone walls that converge to funnel animals — mostly gazelles and ibex —towards a trap such as a pit or precipice.

Once helicopter reconnaissance was successful, the team would then apply on-the-ground surveying to confirm location, dimensions, and the type of traps used.

“The study and discovery of these structures over the past decade and more so now with the discoveries in Saudi Arabia, have showed distinct characteristics reflecting the hunters’ adaptation to their rugged landscape and local game.” she said.

On average, the lines of the AlUla kites are approximately 200m long, but in other areas, they can stretch for kilometres. Ms Repper says the shorter length shows the local knowledge of the hunters, who placed the traps in areas where existing landscapes naturally restricted animal movements.

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Kites have been discovered and recorded in large numbers from Kazakhstan to Yemen and across the Sahara from Mali to Libya.

A 2020 study counted 6,023 kites across all regions. Since then, discoveries in KSA have added 835 kites to that number.

Dr Remy Crassard, a leading expert on desert kites, said the kites found in Khaybar are some of the largest ancient structures of their era.

The oldest kites, in southern Jordan, have been dated to 7,000 BCE. The age of newly found kites in north-west Arabia is still being determined but appears to straddle the transition from the Late Neolithic to the Bronze Age (5000 - 2000 BCE).

“I have worked as part of the Globalkites Project research team for almost a decade, and have identified numerous kites spanning the Mena and western Asia region, but we mostly relied on satellite imagery followed by one the ground surveying. Access to a helicopter wasn't always feasible.”

The team found that a distinct type of V-shaped kite was the dominant form in their study area, in contrast to kites found elsewhere in the region. Kites have been described in a variety of shapes, including V, ‘sock’, ‘hatchet’ and W-shaped.

“The RCU's commitment to this project was instrumental in uncovering the role of trapping in the hunting strategies of prehistoric, protohistoric and historic human groups.”