Surging house prices around the world are emerging as a key test for central banks’ ability to rein in their crisis support.
Withdrawing stimulus support measures too slowly risks inflating property prices further and worsening financial stability concerns in the long term. However, pulling back too hard could unsettle markets and send property prices lower, threatening the economic recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic.
With memories of the global financial crisis that was triggered by a housing bust still fresh in the minds of policymakers, how to keep a grip on soaring home prices is a dilemma at the forefront of deliberations as some central banks discuss slowing asset purchases and even raising interest rates amid recovering growth.
US Federal Reserve officials who favour tapering their bond-buying programme have cited rising house prices as one reason to do so. In particular, they are looking hard at the Fed’s purchases of mortgage-backed securities, which some worry are stoking housing demand in an already hot market.
In the coming week, central bankers in New Zealand, South Korea and Canada meet to set policy, with rising home prices in each mounting pressure on them to do something to keep homes affordable for regular workers.
former Bank of Japan monetary policy head
New Zealand policymakers are battling the hottest property market in the world, according to the Bloomberg Economics global bubble ranking. The country's central bank, which meets on Wednesday, has been given another tool to tackle the issue, and its projections for the official cash rate show it starting to rise in the second half of 2022.
Facing criticism for its role in stoking housing prices, Canada’s central bank has been among the first from advanced economies to shift to a less expansionary policy, with another round of tapering expected at a policy decision meeting, also on Wednesday.
The Bank of Korea last month issued a warning that property is “significantly overpriced” and the burden of household debt is growing. However, a worsening virus outbreak may be a more pressing concern at Thursday’s policy meeting in Seoul.
In its biggest strategic rethink since the creation of the euro, the European Central Bank this month raised its inflation target and in a nod to growing housing pressure, officials will start to consider owner-occupied housing costs in their supplementary measures of inflation.
The Bank of England last month expressed its discomfort with the UK housing market. Norges Bank is another authority that has signalled that it is worried about the effect of ultra-low rates on the housing market and the risk of a build-up of financial imbalances.
The Bank for International Settlements used its annual report released last month to issue a warning that house prices had risen more steeply during the pandemic than fundamentals would suggest, increasing the sector’s vulnerability if borrowing costs rise.
While the unwinding of pandemic-era support is expected to be gradual for most central banks, how to do so without hurting mortgage holders will be a key challenge, said Kazuo Momma, who used to be in charge of monetary policy at the Bank of Japan.
“Monetary policy is a blunt tool,” said Mr Momma, who now works as an economist at Mizuho Research Institute. “If it is used for some specific purposes like restraining housing market activities, that could lead to other problems like over-killing the economic recovery.”
But not acting carries other risks. Analysis by Bloomberg Economics shows that housing markets are already exhibiting 2008-style bubble warnings, stoking warnings of financial imbalances and deepening inequality.
New Zealand, Canada and Sweden rank as the world’s frothiest housing markets, based on the key indicators used in the Bloomberg Economics dashboard focused on member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The UK and the US are also near the top of the risk rankings.
As many economies still grapple with the virus or slow loan growth, central bankers may look for alternatives to interest-rate hikes such as changes to loan-to-value limits or risk weighting of mortgages – so-called macro-prudential policy.
Yet, such measures are not guaranteed to succeed because other dynamics such as inadequate supply or government tax policies are important variables for housing, too. And while cheap money is gushing from central banks, such measures are not expected to struggle to rein in prices.
“The best approach would be to stop the further expansion of central bank balance sheets,” said Gunther Schnabl of Leipzig University, who is an expert on international monetary systems. “As a second step, interest rates could be increased in a very slow and diligent manner over a long time period.”
Another possibility is that house prices reach a natural plateau. Prices of UK homes, for example, fell for the first time in five months in June, a sign that the property market may have lost momentum as a tax incentive was due to come to an end.
However, there is no sign of that in the US where demand for homes remains strong despite record-high prices. Pending home sales increased across all US regions in May, with areas in the north-east and west posting the largest gains.
While navigating the housing boom will not be easy for central banks, it may not be too late to ward off the next crisis. Owner-occupier demand versus speculative buying remains a strong driver of growth.
Banks are not showing signs of the kind of loose lending that preceded the global financial crisis, according to James Pomeroy, a global economist at HSBC.
“If house prices are rising due to a shift in supply versus demand, which the pandemic has created due to more remote working and people wanting more space, it may not trigger a crisis in the same way as previous housing booms,” he said.
“The problems may arise further down the line, with younger people priced out of the property ladder even more.”
As they tiptoe away from their crisis settings, monetary authorities in economies with heavily indebted households will need to be especially careful, according to Alicia Garcia Herrero, chief economist for Asia Pacific at Natixis, who used to work for the ECB and International Monetary Fund.
“Real estate prices, as with other asset prices, will continue to balloon as long as global liquidity remains so ample,” she said.
“But the implications are much more severe than other asset prices as they affect households much more widely.”
