A drama film shot in secret to evade government censorship that highlights the moral dilemmas faced by those caught in the web of Iran's capital punishment machine won the Berlin Film Festival's Golden Bear award on Saturday.
There Is No Evil explores the moral dilemmas thrust on those who carry out executions and the consequences of defiance for them and those around them.
Director Mohammad Rasoulof, whose film shows that there are costs to both bravery and cowardice, was not allowed to leave Iran to pick up the award: he faces propaganda charges over his earlier films.
His daughter Baran, who stars in one chapter of the four-part film, picked up the award on his behalf in the German capital and later held up before the cameras a smartphone on which the director addressed a news conference by video call.
"This film is about people taking responsibility," he said. "I wanted to talk about people who push responsibility away from themselves and say that the decision is taken by higher powers. But they can actually say no, and that's their strength."
Each of the film's chapters depicts a man chosen to carry out an execution: some refuse, some obey. But whatever path they choose, the consequences, good and bad, for them and their loved ones, echo down the decades.
Shot indoors, at night, or in remote rural locations to avoid catching authorities' attention, the film carried risks for cast and crew who had themselves taken a decision to "put their lives in danger to make this film," said producer Farzad Pak.
The jury president, British actor Jeremy Irons, hailed the way the film showed "the web an authoritarian regime weaves among ordinary people, drawing them towards inhumanity," noting that the film's lessons about individual responsibility went far beyond Iran.
The second-place Silver Bear went to Eliza Hittman's Never Rarely Sometimes Always, the story of two teenagers from the rural United States defying anti-abortion activists, poverty, physical and mental harassment, and expensive healthcare to obtain a pregnancy termination.
Korea's Hong Sangsoo won a best director Silver Bear for The Woman Who Ran, a miniature about female friendship, loneliness, men who intrude, and a cat who, filmed washing itself and yawning, left audiences in stitches of laughter.
See the full list of winners of the International Jury
Golden Bear for Best Film: There Is No Evil by Mohammad Rasoulof
Silver Bear Grand Jury Prize: Never Rarely Sometimes Always by Eliza Hittman
Silver Bear for Best Director: Hong Sang Soo for The Woman Who Ran
Silver Bear for Best Actress: Paula Beer in Undine
Silver Bear for Best Actor: Elio Germano in Hidden Away
Silver Bear for Best Screenplay: Bad Tales by the D'Innocenzo Brothers
Silver Bear for Outstanding Artistic Contribution: Jurgen Jurges for Dau. Natasha
Silver Bear 70th Berlinale: Delete History by Benoit Delepine and Gustave Kervern