MECCA, Saudi Arabia // Millions of Muslim pilgrims have converged on the holy city of Mecca in preparation for the Haj pilgrimage, many of them praying for unity in the Islamic world at a time of turmoil.
Some of the estimated 3.4 million faithful attending this year's pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia circled the Kaaba, Islam's holiest shrine located in the grand mosque at Mecca's heart. Others headed to the rocky desert hill of Mount Arafat to spend the night before a day of prayer and contemplation that marks the start of the Haj.
Muslims believe the rituals, which begin Thursday and end Monday, trace the footsteps of the prophets Abraham, Ishmael and Mohammed.
Many say the experience of worshipping alongside hundreds of thousands of the faithful makes them feel as though Islam transcends the political and sectarian conflicts dividing the Muslim world.
Standing shoulder to shoulder in prayer, the pilgrims say that this year, more than ever, they are praying for unity among the Umma, an Arabic word related to "mother" and which refers to the global Islamic community.
The men dress in seamless white terrycloth garments meant to symbolise the equality of mankind and a return to God. Women, forgoing perfume, makeup and fitted outfits, drape themselves in loose long clothing, covering their hair in the traditional Islamic headscarf as a way to focus on the internal soul, rather than outward appearances.
The pilgrimage comes as a civil war rages in Syria, threatening to tear apart the fabric of one of the Middle East's most diverse nations. More than 30,000 people have died, according to activists. Graphic images of shelling and massacre fill TV screens, in one of the first Muslim civil wars to be brought so powerfully into people's living rooms.
In Egypt, the public is divided over the country's direction under a new Islamist government, and the degree to which Islamic Shariah law will be incorporated into the constitution.
In neighbouring Libya, pro-government militiamen have fought their way into Bani Walid, one of the country's last bastions of support for the former regime, in an aftershock of 2011's bloody eight-month civil war.
In Pakistan, people are grappling with the shooting of a schoolgirl by the Taliban.
In Myanmar, Muslims say they are under attack from members of the Buddhist majority. More than 90 people were killed during the summer there and some 70,000 people have been displaced by the conflict.
And weeks before the start of Haj on Thursday, protests - at times deadly - had erupted across much of the Islamic world to denounce an inflammatory film produced in the United States that depicted the Prophet Mohammed as a womaniser, fraud and madman.
Ali Ahmad Younis, a Libyan who said his sons were are all rebel fighters during last year's civil war to oust dictator Muammar Qaddafi, broke down in a well of tears, his emotions overwhelming him.
"I wish all the Arab nations would unite," Younis said, wiping a stream of tears from his face. "I also wish my country Libya and all its cities - Bani Walid , Misrata, Tripoli - would be united. I wish we could all be united as one to bring an end to the bloodshed in Libya."
"I prayed to God that all Arabs and the Umma can unite," he said, putting his face between his hands.
The Haj is one of the few times when largely Shiite Iranians pray alongside mostly Sunni Arabs.
The Syrian crisis, though, has widened sectarian lines. It pits a regime dominated by a Shiite offshoot sect and backed by Shiite-led Iran against mostly Sunni rebels with widespread support in the Gulf and other Sunni majority countries.
Maher Karim, an ethnically Kurdish Iraqi whose own nation has grappled with some of the region's bloodiest sectarian violence in recent years, said he is praying for all the Syrians battling President Bashar Al Assad's regime.
"Without any reason they are killing elderly people, children and women. All the Kurds are praying for the innocent Syrian people to pass through this crisis," he said.
Despite the upheaval, some pilgrims focused their prayers on the Arab-Israeli conflict, for decades one of the most emotive issues in the Muslim world but which in the last year has been eclipsed by events in Syria and elsewhere.
Egyptian pilgrim Abdo Ibrahim Basha said he is praying for Palestinians and the Al Aqsa mosque. The site is located in east Jerusalem, which Israel captured in 1967 and claims as part of its capital. The move has not been internationally recognised.
"My message for all Muslims is that we have to be united to liberate one of the greatest and holiest places in the world after Mecca, which is the holy mosque in Jerusalem," he said as he made his way on foot through Mecca's streets to the grand mosque.
"I am saying, `Just be united, and do not listen to the politicians and rulers because they just make it worse"'.
Al Aqsa mosque is Islam's third holiest site, and in the first years of Islam, Muslims prayed in its direction rather than that of the Kaaba.
Asala Shaaban, an Arab Israeli performing Haj for the first time, also prayed tearfully for Jerusalem. But she also said Syria is on her mind.
"I am praying to God to support the Syrian people and make them victorious, to save their country from daily killing and help their children," she said.
Others are simply looking forward to the rituals of Haj, including a symbolic stoning of the devil, and the chance to ask for repentance for themselves and the Umma on Mount Arafat, a rocky desert hill where the Prophet Mohammed is believed to have delivered his last sermon.
"I am so happy that I have the opportunity to come and visit (Mecca)," Fadila Rahmo from Morocco said. "I am crying all the time throughout my prayers thanking God that he has honoured me to become a pilgrim."
