Russian President Vladimir Putin won a landslide re-election victory on Sunday, extending his rule over the world's largest country for another six years, at a time when his ties with the West are on a hostile trajectory.
Mr Putin's victory will extend his time in office to nearly a quarter-of-a-century, until 2024, by which time he will be 71. Only Soviet dictator Josef Stalin ruled for longer. Mr Putin has promised to use his new term to beef up Russia's defences against the West and to raise living standards.
In a widely expected outcome, an exit poll by pollster VTsIOM showed Mr Putin - who has dominated the political landscape for the past 18 years - had won 73.9 per cent of the vote. The Central Election Commission, speaking after almost a third of the votes had been counted, put him on 73 per cent.
Backed by state TV, the ruling party, and credited with an approval rating of around 80 per cent, his victory was never in doubt. His nearest challenger, Communist Party candidate Pavel Grudinin, received just over 11 per cent of the votes, according to exit polls, while nationalist Vladimir Zhirinovsky got around 6 per cent.
None of the seven candidates who ran against him posed a threat, and opposition leader Alexei Navalny was barred from running. Critics alleged that officials had compelled people to come to the polls to ensure that voter boredom at the one-sided contest did not lead to a low turnout.
Russia's Central Election Commission recognised that there were some irregularities, but was likely to dismiss wider criticism and declare the overall result legitimate.
Putin loyalists said the result was a vindication of his tough stance towards the West.
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"I think that in the United States and Britain they've understood they cannot influence our elections," Senator Igor Morozov said on state television.
Valentina Matviyenko, a close Putin ally and speaker of the upper house of parliament, hailed the victory as a moral one over the West.
"Our elections have proved once again... that it's not possible to manipulate our people," she said. "People came together. No other country in the world has such open and transparent elections."
The immediate question is if and when opponents like Mr Navalny can organise protests, citing fraud, and how large and sustained those protests will be. A senior opposition politician has warned they could descend into street clashes if police crack down too hard on demonstrators.
The longer-term question is whether Mr Putin will soften his anti-western rhetoric now the election is won.
Mr Putin's bellicose language reached a crescendo before the election in a state-of-the-nation speech when he unveiled new nuclear weapons, saying they could hit almost any point in the world and evade a US-built missile shield.
At odds with the West over Syria, Ukraine, allegations of Russian election meddling and cyber attacks and the poisoning in Britain of a former Russian spy and his daughter, relations between Moscow and the West are at a post-Cold War low.
Mr Putin, 65, has been in power, either as president or prime minister, since 2000.
Allies laud the former KGB agent as a father-of-the-nation figure who has restored national pride and expanded Moscow's global clout, with interventions in Syria and Ukraine.
Critics accuse him of overseeing a corrupt, authoritarian system and of illegally annexing Ukraine's Crimea in 2014, a move that isolated Russia internationally.
Western sanctions on Russia imposed over Crimea and Moscow's backing of a pro-Russian separatist uprising in eastern Ukraine remain in place and have damaged the Russian economy, which only rebounded last year after a prolonged downturn.
Britain and Russia are also locked in a diplomatic dispute over the spy poisoning incident, and Washington is eyeing new sanctions on Moscow over allegations it interfered in the 2016 US presidential election, something Russia denies.
Officials and analysts say there is little agreement among Mr Putin's top policymakers on an economic strategy for his new term.
How long Mr Putin wants to stay in power is uncertain.
The constitution limits the president to two successive terms, obliging him to step down at the end of his new mandate -- as he did in 2008 after serving two four-year terms. The presidential term was extended from four to six years, starting in 2012.
Although Mr Putin has six years to consider a possible successor, uncertainty about his long-term future is a potential source of instability in a fractious ruling elite that only he can keep in check.
Kremlin insiders say Mr Putin not selected any heir apparent, and that any names being circulated are the product of speculation, not knowledge of Mr Putin's thinking.
"The longer he stays in power, the harder it will be to exit," said Andrei Kolesnikov, senior fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Centre, a think-tank. "How can he abandon such a complicated system, which is essentially his personal project?"
