Mikhail Gorbachev: former Soviet president dies aged 91

Gorbachev, who led the Soviet Union from 1985 until its end in 1991, died in hospital

Mikhail Gorbachev waves from the Red Square in Moscow during a Revolution Day celebration in November 1989. AP

Gorbachev poses for a picture at the age of 19, wearing the Red Banner of Labour medal he received for driving a combine harvester on the plains of southern Russia. AP

Gorbachev led the Soviet Union from 1985 until its end in 1991. AFP

Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan meet for the first time in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1985. Reuters

Gorbachev and East German communist leader Erich Honecker sing the 'The International', widely regarded as a communist anthem, in East Berlin in April 1986. AFP

Gorbachev and Francois Mitterrand wave during an official trip by the French president to the USSR, in July 1986. AFP

Gorbachev gives a speech in Moscow, during the 18th Congress of the USSR Trade Unions, in February 1987. AFP

British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Gorbachev before the start of talks at the Kremlin in March 1987. AFP

Gorbachev waves from the Red Square in November 1987, during celebrations to mark the 70th anniversary of the Russian Revolution. AP

Gorbachev and Reagan sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces treaty at the White House in Washington in December 1987. Reuters

Gorbachev and Queen Elizabeth II at Windsor Castle at the end of the Soviet leader's visit to Britain in April 1989. AFP

Gorbachev and his wife Raisa take in the view during a tour of China's Great Wall, in Beijing, in May 1989. AP

Gorbachev and his wife are greeted by cheering crowds in Bonn, Germany, in June 1989. EPA

Pope John Paul II greets Gorbachev at the Vatican in December 1989. AFP

Gorbachev speaks at the Lenin monument in Vilnius, Lithuania, in January 1990. AP

Gorbachev attends a Commission on Security and Co-operation in Europe summit in Paris in November 1990. AFP

US President George Bush and Gorbachev confer in Moscow in July 1991, after the end of a US-Soviet summit dedicated to disarmament. AFP

Gorbachev makes his first appearance after a failed military coup in August 1991. AFP

Gorbachev and British Prime Minister John Major pose for a picture after the Soviet leader's arrival at Lancaster House, London, in July 1991. PA

Gorbachev and his wife shake hands with Mickey and Minnie Mouse at the entrance of Disneyland, Tokyo, in April 1992. AFP

Reagan and Gorbachev with their wives at a farm owned by the Reagans near Santa Barbara, California, in May 1992. Reuters

Gorbachev meets former US secretary of state Henry Kissinger in Moscow in May 1992. AFP

Gorbachev announces his candidacy for the Russian presidency at a press conference in Moscow in March 1996. AFP

Gorbachev wipes his tears as his daughter Irina looks on during a ceremony in Moscow to pay tribute to his late wife Raisa in September 1999. AFP

U2 lead singer Bono, former US president Bill Clinton and Gorbachev attend a dinner hosted by the former Soviet leader at the Russian Embassy in New York in March 2002. AP

US Secretary of State Colin Powell shakes hands with Gorbachev in Washington in April 2001. AFP

Gorbachev and Russian President Vladimir Putin before the start of a news conference in Schleswig, Germany, in December 2004. AP

Bush, Gorbachev and former German chancellor Helmut Kohl hold the 'Point Alpha Award' at the former demarcation line between East and West Germany in June 2005. EPA

Former German chancellor Angela Merkel and Gorbachev talk during the 'Petersburg Dialogue' conference in Wiesbaden, Germany, in October 2007. AFP

Gorbachev meets British Prime Minister Gordon Brown in January 2008 at 10 Downing Street in London. PA

Gorbachev holds talks with British Prime Minister David Cameron in February 2011 at 10 Downing Street in London. PA

Former US President Jimmy Carter shakes hands with Gorbachev during the 12th World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates in Chicago, Illinois, in April 2012. EPA

Gorbachev and Bush shake hands during a commemorative event in Berlin in October 2009. AFP

Gorbachev attends the Moscow premiere of a film made by Werner Herzog and British filmmaker Andre Singer based on their conversations, in Moscow, Russia, in November 2018. AP

The last leader of the Soviet Union, former president Mikhail Gorbachev, has died aged 91, Russian news agencies reported on Tuesday.

“Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev died this evening after a serious and long illness,” the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow told Russian agencies.

Gorbachev was in power between 1985 and 1991 and was the last surviving Cold War leader.

He spent much of the past two decades on the political periphery.

He called for the Kremlin and the White House to mend relations as tension soared to Cold War levels after Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 and launched an offensive in Ukraine this year.

Gorbachev spent the twilight years of his life in and out of hospital with deteriorating health, and stayed in quarantine during the coronavirus pandemic as a precaution against Covid-19.

He was remembered fondly in the West, where he was referred to affectionately as “Gorby”. He was best known for defusing US-Soviet nuclear tension in the 1980s, and bringing Eastern Europe out from behind the Iron Curtain.

Gorbachev won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 for negotiating a nuclear arms pact with US president Ronald Reagan.

Former US President Ronald Reagan at his first meeting with former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1985. Reuters

His decision to withhold the Red Army when the Berlin Wall fell a year earlier was regarded as crucial to preserving Cold War peace.

He was also praised in the West for leading reforms to achieve transparency and greater public discussion that hastened the break-up of the Soviet empire.

Gorbachev will be buried in Moscow's Novodevichy Cemetery next to his wife Raisa, who died in 1999, Tass news agency reported.

Late on Tuesday, there were tributes to Gorbachev from around the world.

In the UAE, Dr Anwar Gargash, diplomatic adviser to the President, called Gorbachev a "historical" figure.

"Mikhail Gorbachev, who left us yesterday, is a historical and tragic figure at the same time," Dr Gargash wrote on Twitter.

"He sought to reform the Soviet Union and co-operate with the international system, ending the Cold War, the intervention in Afghanistan and the arms race, to finally see the disintegration of the union due to history and the economy. The lesson is that history is written by results, not intentions."

Despite Gorbachev's often difficult relationship with President Vladimir Putin, the Russian leader nonetheless expressed his sadness.

“President Putin expresses his deep sympathies over the death of Mikhail Gorbachev. In the morning, he will send a telegram of condolences to his family and friends,” Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told Russian news agencies.

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev (right) shaking hands with Syrian President Hafez Al Assad in Moscow on June 19, 1985. AFP

Iraqi President Saddam Hussein (right) and his Vice President Tarek Aziz in Moscow with Mr Gorbachev (left) and his Foreign Minister Edward Shevardnadze during their visit to Soviet Union in 1985. AFP

Mr Gorbachev with Yasser Arafat, President of Palestine Liberation Organisation, in East Berlin on April 17, 1986 during the 11th Congress of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany. AFP

Delegates attend the 1991 Madrid Peace Conference. The 1991 conference for the Middle East was the first time Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and the Palestinians all came together for negotiations. Pictured from left are Soviet President Mr Gorbachev, Soviet Foreign Minister Boris Pankin, Spanish Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, US President George Bush, US Secretary of State James Baker, Egyptian Foreign Minister Amr Moussa, Palestinian delegate Abdel Haidar Shafi, and Jordanian Foreign Minister Kamel Abu Jaber. Getty Images

Jordan's Queen Noor greets Mr Gorbachev in Amman in 1998. Mr Gorbachev is in Jordan to give a lecture on the UN Leadership Programme. AFP

World leaders and Nobel laureates participate in a conference, organised by the Peres Centre for Peace to add impetus to the stalled Israeli-Palestinian peace process, join hands in January 1999 at the end of the two-day meeting in Ramallah. Pictured from left are Archbishop Desmond Tutu, former Costa Rican president Oscar Sanchez, Polish President Alexander Kwasniewski, Palestinian President Yasser Arafat, former Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres, ex-Soviet leader Mr Gorbachev and former South African president FW de Klerk. AFP

Former Soviet president Mr Gorbachev (right) is greeted by former Israeli prime minister Shimon Peres after the latter's speech to the second annual meeting of the board of the Peres Centre for Peace in Tel Aviv in January 1999. AFP

Former Soviet president Mr Gorbachev shakes hands with UN official and former Egyptian minister Mervat Tallawy at the UN head office in Beirut in April 2003. Mr Gorbachev called on the US and Britain to end the "bloodbath" in Iraq and allow the UN to resolve the crisis. AFP

Former Russian Mr Gorbachev (left) meets Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri in Beirut in 2003. AFP

Mr Gorbachev (centre) speaks with Iraqi boys Ali Ismael Abbas (right) and his friend Ahmed (left) during an awards ceremony where Dr Ahmed Al Shatti, representing Iraqi and Kuwaiti doctors, was honoured with the "Men of the year award" for work during the Iraq war at the World Awards gala in Hamburg on October 22, 2003. Reuters

Lebanese President Michel Sleiman (left) with Mr Gorbachev at the presidential palace in Baabda, east of Beirut, on February 1, 2010. Gorbachev is on a private visit to Lebanon. AFP

Mr Gorbachev speaks to journalists at the Middle East and North Africa Cristal Festival at a hotel in Faraya, north-east of Beirut, on February 2, 2010. AFP

Mr Gorbachev speaks during the International Government Communication Forum (IGCF 2014) in Sharjah on February 23, 2014. The event, gathering international professionals from government, private and media sectors, has the theme "Different Roles...Mutual Interest. AFP

UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres said: “The world has lost a towering global leader, committed multilateralist and tireless advocate for peace.”

He also said he was “deeply saddened” to learn of his passing and added he was “a one-of-a-kind statesman who changed the course of history”.

“He did more than any other individual to bring about a peaceful end to the Cold War,” Mr Guterres said.

EU Commissioner Ursula von der Leyen praised Gorbachev as a “trusted and respected leader”.

“He played a crucial role to end the Cold War and bring down the Iron Curtain. It opened the way for a free Europe. This legacy is one we will not forget,” she said on Twitter.

Departing British Prime Minister Boris Johnson also paid tribute to Gorbachev on Twitter.

“I’m saddened to hear of the death of Gorbachev," he said.

“I always admired the courage and integrity he showed in bringing the Cold War to a peaceful conclusion.

“In a time of Putin’s aggression in Ukraine, his tireless commitment to opening up Soviet society remains an example to us all.”

Former US secretary of state Henry Kissinger said Gorbachev “performed great services” but was “not able to implement all of his visions”, telling BBC’s Newsnight: “The people of Eastern Europe and the German people, and in the end the Russian people, owe him a great debt of gratitude for the inspiration, for the courage in coming forward with these ideas of freedom.

“He will still be remembered in history as a man who started historic transformations that were to the benefit of mankind and to the Russian people.”

Key dates in the life of ex-Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev

• March 2, 1931: Born into a peasant family in the village of Privolnoye in the southern Stavropol region.
• 1946: Starts working as a driver of a combine harvester on a collective farm. Joins Young Communist League.
• 1952: Joins the ruling Communist Party of the Soviet Union, made up of several socialist republics.
• 1953: Marries Raisa Titarenko whom he met at university while studying law. They had a daughter, Irina, in 1957. Raisa died from leukaemia in 1999.
• 1985-1991: Leads the Soviet Union as general secretary of the Communist Party and as president when the post is introduced in 1990.
• October 1985: Presents a modernising economic reform plan known as perestroika.
• 1987: He and the US President Ronald Reagan sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces treaty on slashing their nuclear arsenals, ending a superpower build-up of warheads.
• 1988-1989: Soviet troops withdraw from Afghanistan, defeated after a 10-year campaign.
• 1990: Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for reforms leading to the end of the Cold War between Eastern and Western blocs.
• August 1991: Hardline communists attempt failed coup while Gorbachev is on holiday in Crimea. A series of Soviet republics begin declaring independence.
• December 1991: After the leaders of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine conclude that the Soviet Union no longer exists and sign accords for its dissolution, Gorbachev resigns.
• 1996: He stands as an independent in presidential polls but takes only 0.5 per cent of the vote. Boris Yeltsin won the election.