PARIS // With a wave of hysteria about sightings of “creepy” or “killer” clowns sweeping the United States and forcing McDonald’s to limit the appearances of its mascot Ronald McDonald, experts were asked how the phenomenon could have taken such a grip.
"Everybody is acting as if this is unprecedented, that it has never happened before," said sociologist Dr Robert Bartholomew, author of The Martians Have Landed: A History of Media-Driven Panics and Hoaxes.
“But exactly the same thing happened in France in 2014 and it was also fuelled by social media, bogus sightings and video hoaxes. Now it’s happening in America, people are paying attention.”
He said it was quite intense and violent in France, leading to the arrest or jailing of a dozen teenage “killer clowns”.
“The clown scare is a classic social panic involving an exaggerated fear about some evil threatening the public,” Dr Bartholomew said.
“I believe what is happening is a reappearance of the ‘stranger danger’ panic of the 1980s.
“Social panics reflect current fears and uncertainties, especially the threat from within posed by strangers, prompted by concerns over terrorists and refugees.”
The New Zealand-based academic said while the clown panic may seem like a very modern “outbreak of madness and stupidity”, such scares were common long before social media was there to drive them.
“In 1750, a kidnapping panic swept Paris driven by claims that King Louis XV was suffering from leprosy and was having children kidnapped to cure his condition by bathing in their blood. It triggered riots as mobs chased suspected kidnappers through the streets.”
For the last 30 years “the malevolent clown” has become a fixture of popular culture, according to French anthropologist Veronique Campion-Vincent, an expert on how rumours and urban myths spread.
Chilling characters like Pennywise the clown in Stephen King's novel It and the evil clowns in the Poltergeist films have helped cement a darker side to clowning.
“Clowns can be seen as creepy because you can’t read a clown’s face, and 80 per cent of communication is non-verbal,” Dr Bartholomew said.
“If a person is wearing make-up or a mask, it is hard to know whether they are friend or foe.”
Coulrophobia – the fear of clowns – may affect as many as one in 10 people, said Matthew Lorber, director of the child and adolescent psychiatry department at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York.
Dr Bartholomew said the idea of the “cunning, murdering clown” first emerged in the 18th century and reappeared in the “dark carnival” circus sideshows of Depression-era America.
But their traditional family-friendly image was reasserted by Bozo and Clarabell the Clown, who were huge stars of 1960s US television.
“It is not a good time to be a clown. Careers are being ruined here,” said Dr Bartholomew, who predicted that the scare would die down after Halloween, as it did in France and Belgium in 2014.
However, the #ClownsLivesMatter Twitter campaign launched by Snuggles The Clown – the professional American “scary clown” Jordan Jones – came out of a real fear of people getting hurt, the academic said.
“If I were a clown in the US now I would be keeping a low profile. It wouldn’t surprise me if the police shoot a clown, there is so much anxiety out there.”
That said, he voiced hope that people would see sense. “I think this will eventually go the way of the Hula Hoop and other fads, although there is some life left in it yet.”
As to whether the febrile political atmosphere in the US in the run up to the presidential election was also a factor, New York-born Dr Bartholomew joked: “Given that 35 per cent of the American public seem willing to vote for Donald Trump, I think we can safely call 2016 the ‘Year of the Clown’.”
Global fast food giant McDonald’s took the rare step of announcing it will limit public appearances by its colourful mascot, saying that it would be “thoughtful with respect to Ronald McDonald’s participation in community events for the time being”.
* Agence France-Presse
