Calls for a civil disobedience campaign in Myanmar were gathering pace on Wednesday, as the US formally declared the military's takeover a coup and vowed further penalties for the generals behind the putsch.
Myanmar was plunged back into direct military rule when soldiers detained Aung San Suu Kyi and other civilian leaders in a series of dawn raids on Monday, ending the country's brief experiment with democracy.
Ms Suu Kyi, who has not been seen in public since the coup, won a landslide victory with her National League for Democracy party last November, but the military – whose favoured parties received a drubbing – declared the polls fraudulent.
A large base of support for Ms Suu Kyi's party could translate into widespread non-cooperation with the new regime, with potential for escalation.
For now, as soldiers are back on the streets of major cities, the takeover has not been met by any major protests.
But signs of public anger and plans to resist have begun to surface, especially online.
The clatter of pots and pans and the honking of car horns rang out across the country's biggest city Yangon on Tuesday evening, after calls for protest on social media.
Activists also launched a Civil Disobedience Movement Facebook group to declare opposition and share ideas. By Wednesday morning, 24 hours after its launch, it had nearly 150,000 followers.
Army chief Min Aung Hlaing appointed himself head of a new cabinet stacked with former and current generals, justifying his coup on Tuesday as the inevitable result of civilian leaders' failure to heed the army's warnings about fraud.
The military declared a one-year state of emergency and said it would hold new elections once their allegations of voter irregularities were addressed and investigated.
The move stunned Myanmar, a country left impoverished by decades of junta misrule before it began taking steps towards a more democratic and civilian-led government 10 years ago.
Doctors and nurses were among professionals making early declarations of their intent to go on strike.
"We will only follow and obey the orders from our democratically elected government," a statement from medics posted overnight on the Civil Disobedience Movement page read.
But protesting against Myanmar's military is fraught with risk.
During junta rule, dissent was quashed with thousands of activists – including Ms Suu Kyi – detained for years on end.
Censorship was pervasive and the military frequently used lethal force during periods of political turmoil, most notably during protests in 1988 and 2007.
On Wednesday morning the official Global New Light of Myanmar newspaper published a warning from the Ministry of Information against opposing the coup.
"Some of the media organisations and people are posting rumours on social media, releasing statements to occur riot and unstable situation," the statement said.
It called on people "not to make such moves and to co-operate with the government in accordance with existing laws".
The army's actions were met with a growing chorus of international condemnation although the options are limited for those countries hoping Myanmar's generals might reverse course.
On Tuesday the US State Department formally designated the takeover as a coup, meaning the US cannot assist the Myanmar government.
-
Myanmar nationals in Japan demonstrate against the military coup that took place in their home country on Monday, February 1, 2021. Getty Images -
A Myanmar national in Japan holds up a portrait of Aung San Suu Kyi during a protest held in front of the United Nations University in Tokyo. EPA -
People hold up images of Myanmar's de-facto leader Aung San Suu Kyi at a protest outside Maynmar's embassy in Bangkok, Thailand. Getty Images -
NLD supporters shout slogans outside Myanmar's embassy during a rally after the military seized power from a democratically elected civilian government and arrested its leader Aung San Suu Kyi, in Bangkok, Thailand. Reuters -
People use their smartphones to live stream a protest outside Myanmar's embassy in Bangkok, Thailand. Getty Images -
This screengrab provided via AFPTV and taken from a broadcast by Myanmar Radio and Television (MRTV) in Myanmar shows the announcement of a one-year state of emergency in the country. AFP -
A screen grab from Myanmar state television footage shows Myanmar Acting President Myint Swe (R) and General Min Aung Hlaing (L) as they attend a meeting. Reuters -
A military helicopter flies in Naypyitaw, Myanmar. EPA -
Cars pass police sitting in trucks along a road in Yangon, as Myanmar's military detained the country's de facto leader Aung San Suu Kyi and the country's president in a coup. AFP -
Policemen sit inside trucks parked on a road in the downtown area of Yangon, Myanmar. AP -
Myanmar military supporters riding a vehicle wave a military flag as they go around Yangon, Myanmar. AP -
People wave flags as they ride on a vehicle in Yangon, Myanmar. Reuters -
A view of Shwedagon Pagoda, a Buddhist religious landmark in Yangon, as Myanmar's military detained the country's de facto leader Aung San Suu Kyi and the country's president in a coup. AFP -
Myanmar soldiers are seen inside City Hall in Yangon, Myanmar. Reuters -
A woman leaves her house while being escorted by soldiers (unseen) at an unidentified location in Myanmar, in this picture obtained from social media. Reuters -
A demonstrator prepares to throw a rock towards riot police during a protest outside the Embassy of Myanmar in Bangkok, Thailand. Andre Malerba/Bloomberg -
A Thai pro-democracy protestor confronts riot police in Bangkok, in the area where Myanmar migrants were demonstrating after Myanmar's military detained the country's de facto leader Aung San Suu Kyi and the country's president in a coup. AFP -
A group of Myanmar activists hold the portrait of Aung San Suu Kyi during a protest outside the United Nation university in Tokyo following a military coup in the country by a general after arresting civilian leader Aung San Suu Kyi and other senior officials. AFP -
Anti-Thai government protester wields a traffic cone at riot police during a clash at a rally for Myanmar's democracy outside the embassy, in Bangkok, Thailand. Reuters
Any impact will be mainly symbolic, because almost all assistance goes to non-government entities and Myanmar's military was already under US sanctions over its brutal campaign against the Rohingya minority.
UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, the EU and several other nations also spoke out.
The UN Security Council held an emergency meeting on Tuesday but failed to agree on a statement condemning the coup.
To be adopted, it requires the support of China, which wields veto power as a permanent Security Council member and is Myanmar's main supporter at the UN.
"China and Russia have asked for more time", said a diplomat at the end of the meeting, which lasted just over two hours.
Both countries repeatedly shielded Myanmar from censure at the UN over the military's crackdown on the Rohingya, a campaign that UN investigators said amounted to genocide.
The coup is the first major foreign policy test for US President Joe Biden, who has vowed to stand up for wobbly democracies and defend human rights.
In a statement on Monday, he said the US would consider imposing new sanctions on Myanmar.
But Washington is also wary of pushing Myanmar further into China's orbit.
"China is only too happy to step in with material and political support for the Burmese military as part of its ongoing effort to maximise its influence in South-East Asia," said Daniel Russel, from the Asia Society Policy Institute think tank.
