Kenya's biggest landfill poses climate change question - in pictures

Most African countries lack the resources to process growing piles of solid waste, which is openly dumped or burnt - but recycling offers economic opportunities big and small

A woman who scavenges recyclable materials from garbage for a living is seen through a cloud of smoke created by burning trash at the dump in the Dandora slum of Nairobi, Kenya. AP Photo

A man takes a break on top of a hill of garbage at the dump in the Dandora slum of Nairobi, Kenya. AP Photo

A young boy sits on top of a mountain of garbage at the dump in the Dandora slum of Nairobi, Kenya. AP Photo

Two young boys build a small tower from plastic containers in the trash, while their parents work to scavenge recyclable materials, at the dump in the Dandora slum of Nairobi, Kenya. AP Photo

A young girl runs through a mound of sorted plastic bottles at the dump in the Dandora slum of Nairobi, Kenya. AP Photo

A woman carries a sack of recyclable materials at the dump in the Dandora slum of Nairobi, Kenya. AP Photo

A man walks on a mountain of plastic bottles as he carries a sack of them to be sold for recycling at the dump in the Dandora slum of Nairobi, Kenya. AP Photo

People stand next to a mechanical digger as it adds newly-dumped trash on top of a mountain of garbage at the dump in the Dandora slum of Nairobi, Kenya. AP Photo

Peter, 12, right, scavenges pieces of paper and card from garbage for a living from among the garbage at the dump in the Dandora slum of Nairobi, Kenya. AP Photo

A man takes a break to eat a piece of roasted corn as his friend, right, continues working at the dump in the Dandora slum of Nairobi, Kenya. AP Photo

No one would envy a life of scavenging in Kenya's biggest landfill, but Daniel Kiarie says he would never leave it.

Birds circle overhead and dogs scuffle as the 35-year-old moves through the filth of Nairobi, intent on useful finds. Ground-up garbage, from used hospital needles to battered toys, crunches under his feet. Thirty pungent acres stretch out before him at the centre of the city's poorest slums.

"This is like any other job," Mr Kiarie said. "I would not leave it for a cozy office." In blue overalls, he oversees a hill of plastics he has salvaged to sell to recycling companies. "And I am not mad."

As the world meets again to tackle the growing threat of climate change, Africa expects to suffer the most from rising temperatures. And it is least equipped to fight back.

How the continent will tackle the solid waste produced by its more than 1.2 billion residents, many of them eager consumers in growing economies, is a major question for environmentalists and governments alike.

Most African countries lack the resources needed to process the growing amount of solid waste, said Maria Leonor Sales, a consultant with the African Development Bank. Nearly 20 of the world's 50 biggest dumpsites are on the continent, according to Waste Atlas.

On top of that, Africa is now a dumping ground for waste from other, often developed, countries, UN Environment pointed out in a report earlier this year.

The fastest-growing regions for waste generation are sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where it is expected to triple and double, respectively, by 2050, the World Bank said in a September report. By then, the regions will be producing 35 per cent of the world's trash.

Much of the waste in low-income countries, about 90 per cent, is openly dumped or burned. That contributes to worsening air quality while the poor are most affected, the World Bank said.

The burning of waste is a key contributor to climate change. In 2016, 5 per cent of global emissions were generated from solid waste management, excluding transportation, the bank's report said.

Safe, sustainable solid waste management could be an engine for economic growth, Ms Sales said. Recycling and innovative products could create jobs while addressing social and environmental issues.

But governments would have to sign on and recognise the value of landfill pickers like Mr Kiarie and the roughly 600 others who join him there every day.

"Perceptions are one of the main challenges as people do not view waste as a resource," said Catherina Schenck, a professor with the University of the Western Cape in South Africa who has researched waste pickers. "This includes the policymakers down to the consumers."

Transitioning to a greener economy and sustainable waste management will require informal workers like Mr Kiare to become part of a recognised system, following health and environmental guidelines and receiving stable incomes and benefits in return.

Experts say recycling companies then can be more efficient and have a guaranteed supply of raw materials.

Africa has the opportunity to unlock at least $8 billion every year in resource value into the economy by changing the way we think about waste, said Professor Linda Godfrey, an expert on waste management with the South Africa-based Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.

The African Union has said member countries should divert 50 per cent of the waste they produce to recycling, reuse and recovery by 2030. Currently, the continent recycles only 4 per cent.

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Unfortunately, investment in such projects in Africa is still seen as high-risk by the private sector, Prof Godfrey said. She said strong political will is needed.

Mr Kiarie knows the risks of his current work. Landslides in dumps can be deadly. The threat of injury or infection is high. The landfill where he roams, Dandora, was deemed full in 2001. Yet it continues to operate, supporting people from the bottom rungs of Nairobi's economy.

Mr Kiare's previous job as a day laborer in construction paid him $5 (Dh18.35) but he would go without work for long periods, which almost got him evicted. Now he can take home between $10 and $50 a day from recycling. He has moved into a bigger house and is now married with three children.

Most Kenyans, who look down on those who work in the country's sprawling landfills, live below $2 a day.

"Nowadays I don't hear from the landlord," he said.