Chinese porcelain discovered in UAE shows 700 years of Gulf relations

Experts find early evidence of diplomatic relations between China and Julfar, the medieval predecessor of Ras Al Khaimah

On a dig in Ras Al Khaimah, experts find some of the earliest evidence of diplomatic relations between China and Julfar. All photos by Chris Whiteoak / The National

Ahmed Al Tenaiji, head of RAK's Antiquities and Museums Department holds a 700-year-old fragment of Chinese porcelain, which is thought to have been gifted to an early RAK ruler.=

The porcelain was painted on painted nearly 700 years ago in the mountainous forests of Jingdezhen, known as the Porcelain Capital of China

Archaeologists say the fragments are growing evidence of the level of trade between China and Julfar, the medieval predecessor to Ras Al Khaimah

Julfar was a fertile port city at the mouth of the Gulf with 50,000 to 70,000 inhabitants

The fragments were found in Al Nudud, where houses were built of mud, destroyed and rebuilt with old clay

A dig in January uncovered 14,700 ceramic pieces, including 65 Chinese pieces, as well as pieces of Islamic and local pottery

Archaeologists have unearthed 700-year-old Chinese porcelain in Ras Al Khaimah.

Pieces of uncovered porcelain bagged and tagged at the RAK Department of Antiquities and Museums.

The dig also found pale green celadon pottery from Longquan kilns in the coastal Fujian province

Archaeologist Tibor Paluch said the pottery was "possibly a gift to a local ruler. It shows an important connection between the two areas"

Paluch examines some of the thousands of colourful pieces of chinese porcelain in the RAK antiquities department

Tibor Paluch pinches a glazed piece of pottery between his fingertips. Its delicate blue lines form a likely profile of a duck and possibly painted nearly 700 years ago in the mountainous forests of Jingdezhen, southeast China.

The shard is one of about 20,000 fragments of pottery and ceramics unearthed this winter in Ras Al Khaimah by a team of archaeologists from the Palace Museum in Beijing and the RAK Department of Antiquities and Museums.

“This is a water bird, probably a duck,” said Mr Paluch, an archaeologist at the RAK department, as he twisted the piece between his fingers.

“It wasn’t just for everyday use. According to the Chinese, it was possibly a gift to a local ruler. It shows an important connection between the two areas.”

Archaeologists now have the daunting task of cataloguing the fragments. But the high level of trade between China and Julfar, the medieval predecessor to Ras Al Khaimah, is apparent.

Just a few months ago, the shard with the waterbird was buried one metre underground. It was crafted sometime between 1320 to 1360 and quite possibly intended as a diplomatic gift. It’s not clear who the intended recipient was but its pattern shares similarities with ceramics gifted to foreign officials during the Yuan Dynasty established by Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis.

Jingdezhen's rivers eased the transport of fragile porcelains to the East China Sea and from there, it would have crossed the Indian Ocean to Julfar, a thriving ancient port city at the Gulf's mouth with 50,000 to 70,000 inhabitants.

There is a huge opportunity for different teams to come and excavate. There are great things that can be done

On the table before Mr Paluch are fragments of daily life from the medieval city, like small copper coins and pieces of glass bangles, decorated with swirls and delicate triangles. Mr Paluch worked with the Chinese team to unearth nearly 300 small finds from a two-by-five metre trench on the highest mound in Julfar's southwest area, known as Al Nudud.

They excavated to a depth of three-and-half metres. Usually, the deeper the dig, the older the finds. In Al Nudud, houses were built of mud, destroyed and rebuilt with old clay. This meant findings were far older than might be expected. The oldest fragment was about 800 years old.

“We did not find any large building remains but some contemporary human settlement’s signs, such as charcoal bits and burnt ceramic shards,” said Zhai Yi, an associate research fellow of the Palace Museum, who worked on the dig.

“Also, we got a very rich deposit of finds, like large quantity of Julfar pottery, some imported Chinese ceramics, glasses, metal works, coins, etc. These finds can prove that Al Nudud was once a busy residential area.”

The January dig uncovered 14,700 ceramic pieces, including 65 Chinese pieces, as well as pieces of Islamic and local pottery.

The dig found pale green celadon pottery from Longquan kilns in the coastal Fujian province. Chris Whiteoak / The National

Chinese porcelain is particularly helpful for archaeologists because production history is so thoroughly studied that specialists can pinpoint the time and place each piece was created.

A variety of porcelain from across China’s southeast would have adorned the homes of Julfar’s residents or been traded on dhows that sailed to the Red Sea and distant Indian Ocean ports.

In addition to porcelain from China's Fujian and Jianxi provinces, there was pale green celadon pottery from Longquan kilns in the coastal Fujian province and Shiwan ware. Besides there is stoneware from Guandong province fired in massive ovens known as dragon kilns, that could bake 25,000 pieces at once.

The Chinese ceramics of Julfar dated from 13th to 16th centuries, including a bluish-white Qingbai piece from early 13th century baked in the Dehua kilns of Fujian.

Documentation will take months. Each piece must be weighed, given a unique code, photographed, drawn and grouped into a data set for analyses. Each is classed by traits like glaze, fabric, shape, decoration and reign mark, a four to six-character inscription with the name of the dynasty and the ruling emperor when the piece was produced.

The data set will allow for comparison to similar finds from other sites in the Arabian Gulf, the western Indian Ocean or China.

The team will return later this year for a second season in Al Nudud.

The work is funded by the Forbidden City Foundation and part of a five-year agreement with the RAK Government that began last Ramadan with an assessment of Chinese porcelain from Julfar. In July, some will be lent to Beijing for an exhibition on Indian Ocean trade routesat Forbidden City Palace Museum.

“As you see, recently the Chinese teams have found many connections in the region, the UAE and Saudi Arabia,” said Ahmed Al Tenaiji, director general of the RAK antiquities department. “There is a huge opportunity for different teams to come and excavate. There are great things that can be done.”