• Drought in Iraq has revealed a 3,400 city beneath the waters of a dam on the Tigris River.
    Drought in Iraq has revealed a 3,400 city beneath the waters of a dam on the Tigris River.
  • The ruins of a Bronze Age palace and other monumental buildings were revealed as the Mosul reservoir dried up.
    The ruins of a Bronze Age palace and other monumental buildings were revealed as the Mosul reservoir dried up.
  • The site at Kemune, underwater since the dam was filled in the 1980s, yielded many treasures to archaeologists.
    The site at Kemune, underwater since the dam was filled in the 1980s, yielded many treasures to archaeologists.
  • Archaeologists found five ceramic vessels containing more than 100 cuneiform tablets.
    Archaeologists found five ceramic vessels containing more than 100 cuneiform tablets.
  • Buildings were excavated then covered with plastic sheeting and covered with gravel before the water level rose again.
    Buildings were excavated then covered with plastic sheeting and covered with gravel before the water level rose again.
  • Cuneiform tablets from the site.
    Cuneiform tablets from the site.
  • The reservoir has now been filled again, once again submerging the ancient city.
    The reservoir has now been filled again, once again submerging the ancient city.
  • The UN says Iraq is most vulnerable country in the world to the effects of climate change.
    The UN says Iraq is most vulnerable country in the world to the effects of climate change.
  • Time to investigate the site was limited as the reservoir level rose.
    Time to investigate the site was limited as the reservoir level rose.
  • But investigators were able to map it for the first time.
    But investigators were able to map it for the first time.
  • The city is located at Kemune in the northern Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
    The city is located at Kemune in the northern Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
  • It is thought that the ruins could belong to Zakhiku, capital of the Mittani Empire that ruled the Tigris River area between 1550 and 1350 BC.
    It is thought that the ruins could belong to Zakhiku, capital of the Mittani Empire that ruled the Tigris River area between 1550 and 1350 BC.

Race against time to map a 3,400-year-old Iraqi city before it disappeared underwater


Sinan Mahmoud
  • English
  • Arabic

An Iraqi-German archaeological team raced against time to excavate and document a Bronze Age city in northern Iraq before it disappeared underwater.

As drought caused water levels to recede in the Mosul Dam's reservoir last winter, the remains of a 3,400-year-old Mittani Empire-era city once located on the Tigris emerged, an Iraqi official told The National on Tuesday.

The Mittani Empire was a kingdom that ruled parts of Syria and northern Mesopotamia, modern day Iraq, from the 15th century to the 14th century BC. The city, known as Zakhiku, is at Kemune in the northern Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

The team started excavating the city in 2018, when they revealed what was probably a palace with large walls, Dr Hasan Qasim, chairman of the Kurdistan Archaeology Organisation, said.

Fifteen clay tablets with cuneiform writing were also unearthed at the time, Dr Qasim said.

In 2019, the team discovered the walls were seven metres high and inside were chambers that had once been decorated with painted murals.

To cope with extreme drought in southern Iraq and in order to secure enough water for crops, authorities released more water from Mosul Reservoir in December, allowing the ruins to re-emerge.

“This unforeseen event put archaeologists under sudden pressure to excavate and document at least parts of this large, important city as quickly as possible before it was resubmerged,” said the University of Tubingen.

A team was put together within days and received funding from the Fritz Thyssen Foundation through the University of Freiburg.

Throughout January and February, the team managed to map the city and a massive fortification with wall and towers, a multistorey storage building and an industrial complex, Dr Qasim said. More than 200 clay tablets were found.

“The excavation results show that the site was an important centre in the Mittani Empire,” Dr Qasim said.

“The huge magazine building is of particular importance because enormous quantities of goods must have been stored in it, probably brought from all over the region,” Prof Ivana Puljiz of the University of Freiburg said.

“The research team was stunned by the well-preserved state of the walls — sometimes to a height of several metres — despite the fact that the walls are made of sun-dried mud bricks and were underwater for more than 40 years.”

The city was destroyed in an earthquake in about 1350BC, the archaeological team said, during which the collapsing upper parts of the walls buried the buildings, preserving what remained.

Five ceramic vessels that contained an archive of over 100 cuneiform tablets from the Middle Assyrian period, shortly after the earthquake disaster struck the city, are an important find.

“It is close to a miracle that cuneiform tablets made of unfired clay survived so many decades under water,” Peter Pfalzner of the University of Tubingen said.

  • A boy holds an oar while another prepares to jump off a grounded boat on the soil of what was Lake Hamrine in Iraq's Diyala province. All photos AFP
    A boy holds an oar while another prepares to jump off a grounded boat on the soil of what was Lake Hamrine in Iraq's Diyala province. All photos AFP
  • Shepherd boys walk along the bottom of what used to be Lake Hamrin.
    Shepherd boys walk along the bottom of what used to be Lake Hamrin.
  • A flock of sheep walks along the cracked soil.
    A flock of sheep walks along the cracked soil.
  • A shepherd boy tends to a flock of sheep grazing underneath a bridge by the remains of the lake.
    A shepherd boy tends to a flock of sheep grazing underneath a bridge by the remains of the lake.
  • An aerial view of the remains of Lake Hamrin.
    An aerial view of the remains of Lake Hamrin.
  • A shepherd boy tends to a flock of sheep grazing underneath a bridge.
    A shepherd boy tends to a flock of sheep grazing underneath a bridge.

The site is now submerged with water again but the excavated buildings were completely covered with tightly fitting plastic sheeting and with gravel fill to protect them.

The fluctuating reservoir levels highlight water shortages in Iraq. The war-ravaged country is ranked by the UN as the fifth most vulnerable country in the world to the effects of climate change.

Dr Qasim told The National that more than 500 archaeological sites emerged from underwater as a result of the drought and receding levels on the eastern bank of the Tigris within the borders of Kurdistan region. They are still unexcavated.

Iraq faces a wide range of challenges made worse by water insecurity, mismanagement and man-made problems such as the illegal clearing of agricultural areas to build houses.

More frequent and intense droughts, sandstorms, heatwaves and rising sea levels are wreaking havoc on people's livelihoods and communities.

Key findings of Jenkins report
  • Founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, Hassan al Banna, "accepted the political utility of violence"
  • Views of key Muslim Brotherhood ideologue, Sayyid Qutb, have “consistently been understood” as permitting “the use of extreme violence in the pursuit of the perfect Islamic society” and “never been institutionally disowned” by the movement.
  • Muslim Brotherhood at all levels has repeatedly defended Hamas attacks against Israel, including the use of suicide bombers and the killing of civilians.
  • Laying out the report in the House of Commons, David Cameron told MPs: "The main findings of the review support the conclusion that membership of, association with, or influence by the Muslim Brotherhood should be considered as a possible indicator of extremism."
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LA LIGA FIXTURES

Thursday (All UAE kick-off times)

Sevilla v Real Betis (midnight)

Friday

Granada v Real Betis (9.30pm)

Valencia v Levante (midnight)

Saturday

Espanyol v Alaves (4pm)

Celta Vigo v Villarreal (7pm)

Leganes v Real Valladolid (9.30pm)

Mallorca v Barcelona (midnight)

Sunday

Atletic Bilbao v Atletico Madrid (4pm)

Real Madrid v Eibar (9.30pm)

Real Sociedad v Osasuna (midnight)

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While you're here
Sri Lanka squad

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Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology, a digital system in which data is recorded across multiple places at the same time. Unlike traditional databases, DLTs have no central administrator or centralised data storage. They are transparent because the data is visible and, because they are automatically replicated and impossible to be tampered with, they are secure.

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Company Profile 

Founder: Omar Onsi

Launched: 2018

Employees: 35

Financing stage: Seed round ($12 million)

Investors: B&Y, Phoenician Funds, M1 Group, Shorooq Partners

COMPANY PROFILE
Name: ARDH Collective
Based: Dubai
Founders: Alhaan Ahmed, Alyina Ahmed and Maximo Tettamanzi
Sector: Sustainability
Total funding: Self funded
Number of employees: 4
Updated: June 01, 2022, 5:37 AM