Egypt is preparing to be at the centre of the political spotlight when the Cop27 global summit begins on Sunday.
The UN climate change talks come at a time when the most populous Arab nation faces tough economic choices ― caused in part by the fallout from the Russia-Ukraine war and the coronavirus pandemic before it.
During the two-week gathering in the Red Sea resort of Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt will mostly wear its African hat and assume the role of the standard bearer for a continent struggling to persuade the industrialised West to give it the funds it needs to transition from fossil fuels and adapt to climate change.
It will also seize the opportunity to highlight its potential in the fight against climate change. The country has rapidly expanded its use of renewable and clean energy and has signed multibillion-dollar deals to produce green fuel.
The November 6-18 summit is expected to attract 45,000 delegates, including 100 heads of state and governments ― among them US President Joe Biden and British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak.
Hosting such a large gathering for a milestone event has already boosted Egypt's international profile and afforded it the chance to show its role as a regional power enjoying close ties in its neighbourhood and beyond.
But there has also been criticism of Egypt's rights record at a time when Cairo is focused on ensuring that the summit produces tangible results in the fight against climate change while also battling an economic crisis chiefly caused by the fallout from the Russia-Ukraine war and the coronavirus pandemic.
President Abdel Fattah El Sisi has said criticism of the country's human rights record overlooks the leaps made in health, power projects and the many billions of dollars spent on infrastructure to provide the 104 million Egyptians with decent housing, education and access to medical care.
Separate from the climate summit, Mr El Sisi has launched a national dialogue and released government critics in an outreach to his opponents as he works towards political inclusion after years of being reluctant to carry out reforms.
Mr El Sisi, a former army general in office since 2014, has revived a presidential commission mandated to look at the cases of thousands of critics in pre-trial detention. At least 1,000 detainees have been freed since the president first called for a national dialogue in April.
In a call before Cop27, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken spoke with Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry and welcomed the news that "significant numbers of political detainees" were being released.
He "voiced support for additional such pardons and releases, as well as for steps to strengthen due process of law and protections for fundamental freedoms for all," the US State Department said.
Civil society say they can't access Cop27 - in pictures
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The Cop27 summit in Sharm El Sheikh is the first annual UN climate conference to be held after the easing of Covid-19 restrictions. Campaigners see it as a crucial venue for raising the alarm over climate change and putting pressure on governments to act. All photos: Reuters -
But they say voicing their concerns through rallies and protests as they have done in past host countries or cities will be more challenging in Egypt, where public demonstrations are effectively banned and activists have struggled to operate legally. -
Limits on accreditation and attendance badges for activists, especially from poorer nations, have also been a point of contention at previous UN climate summits. -
Egypt, which has only one NGO permanently accredited to attend the annual summits, says the inclusion of civil society is a priority, and it has helped to add more NGOs, including 35 Egyptian groups, through a single-year admission valid only for Cop27. -
That was a positive step but the process was not publicly announced and did not give some groups a fair chance to apply, said Hossam Bahgat, head of the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights and one of Egypt's best known campaigners. -
A representative of Egypt's Cop presidency said there had been a 'fully transparent' selection process approved by the UN after consultation with regional organisations and national negotiating teams. Egyptian groups were recommended based on their environment and climate change expertise, the representative said. A UN climate change spokesman said there had been about 10,000 registrations from close to 2,000 admitted observer organisations for Cop27, which was similar to Cop26 in Glasgow. -
Another concern among activists is the difficulty ordinary citizens may face in visiting Sharm El Sheikh. The city, situated at the southern tip of Egypt's Sinai peninsula, is bordered by the sea on one side and a concrete and wire barrier in the desert on the other. -
Some of those hoping to travel from outside Egypt have been put off by hotel prices that ran into hundreds of dollars a night earlier in the year. After lobbying from civil society, the government negotiated a $120 price cap for two-star hotels and announced cheaper accommodation in recent weeks. That included rooms for 400 young people at about $30 to $40 a night, and was designed to help African groups overcome long-standing obstacles to having access to Cop summits, said Omnia El-Omrani, Cop27's youth envoy.
The government has not linked the dialogue to the climate summit. It said some political reforms could not be carried out earlier during Mr El Sisi’s rule because of the national security threat posed by terrorism.
Some rights groups have claimed that climate change activists will stay away from this year's Cop summit because they cannot secure accreditation or afford hotel room charges that have significantly gone up in the run-up to the Sharm El Sheikh summit.
It was an issue also raised by Mr Blinken in his call with Mr Shoukry, as the US official touched on the "critical contributions of civil society, including to a successful Cop27."
The Egyptian government has rejected the activists' claims, saying it’s making efforts to ensure civil society groups can participate meaningfully and that it has set aside a venue in Sham El Sheikh for protesters to gather.
Wael Aboul Magd, the special representative for the Egyptian Cop27 presidency, said organisers would ensure civil society groups are able to participate in all activities except for the negotiating process, which is open only to country delegates.
“We’ve exerted every effort to ensure their presence,” he told reporters at a recent briefing. “We’re doing a lot to ensure meaningful participation.”
Authorities also denied charges that they had enabled hotels to sharply increase room rates for Cop27.
The government, Mr Aboul Magd said, is subsidising “a few thousand rooms” in two and three-star 2 hotels and hostels. Rooms will have “a very low cost to ensure there are no impediments stopping people from coming,” he said.
“The Egyptian government understands and appreciates that with hosting the climate summit comes responsibilities,” said Negad Borai, a veteran rights lawyer and a member of the national dialogue’s board of trustees.
“That Egypt has been selected to host the summit is an international recognition that it’s a stable nation that can protect a conference of this size and in the process endure criticism.”
