Google's fast-growing tool for searching job listings has been a boon for employers and job boards starving for candidates but several rival job-finding services contend anti-competitive behaviour has fueled its rise and cost them users and profits.
In a letter to be sent to the European Union competition commissioner Margrethe Vestager on Tuesday, 23 job search websites in Europe called on her to temporarily order Google to stop playing unfairly while she investigates.
Similar to worldwide leader Indeed and other search services familiar to jobseekers, Google's tool links to postings aggregated from many employers. It lets candidates filter, save and get alerts about openings, although they must go elsewhere to apply.
Alphabet's Google places a large widget for the two-year-old tool at the top of results for searches such as "call centre jobs" in most of the world.
Some rivals allege that positioning is illegal because Google is using its dominance to attract users to its specialised search offering without the traditional marketing investments they have to make.
Other job technology companies say Google has restored industry innovation and competition.
The tensions expose a new front in the battle between Google and online publishers reliant on search traffic, just as EU and US anti-trust regulators heed calls to scrutinise tech giants including Google. Google so far over the past decade has withstood similar accusations from companies in local business and travel search.
Ms Vestager, who has been examining job search on Google, leaves office on October 31. But a source said that she is preparing an "intensive" handover so that her successor does not drop it. Her office declined to comment on the handoff.
Lack of action could spur Tuesday's signatories, which include British website Best Jobs Online to German peers Intermedia and Jobindex, to follow with formal complaints against Google to Ms Vestager.
StepStone in Berlin, which operates 30 job websites globally, and another German search service already have taken that step.
The Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice, which are examining online competition in the United States, declined to comment on whether they are investigating Google's jobs search.
Industry executives universally expect that Google will sell ads in the jobs tool, as is typical for its services, enabling the world's biggest seller of online ads to claw billions of dollars in revenue from rivals.
Google long has been frustrated by other search engines filling its results because they both add a step in users' quest for quick information and pose a threat to its ads empire.
Nick Zakrasek, senior product manager for Google search, said that the company welcomed the industry feedback on jobs search. Google said its offering addresses previous anti-trust complaints by allowing rival search services to participate and includes a feature in Europe designed to give rivals prominence.
"Any provider – from individual employers to job listing platforms – can utilise this feature in search, and many of them have seen a significant increase in the number of job applications they receive," Mr Zakrasek said. "By improving the search experience for jobs, we're able to deliver more traffic to sites across the web and support a healthy job search ecosystem."
Google includes jobs only from websites that follow its guidelines, which require postings to be structured such that its computers can easily interpret them. Many leading players have conformed.
For instance, Monster Worldwide from Massachusetts has implored customers through training materials to list salary ranges and jobsite addresses on postings in hopes that following Google's guidelines for such items will generate more clicks.
Monster had lost users in recent years because poor website formatting left it with low placement in regular Google results, its chief executive Scott Gutz said. The new tool gave Monster a path back to the top.
"There's been a leveling of the playing field," Mr Gutz said.Google's widget drew 120 million user clicks in June in the US alone, about double from August 2017, according to research company Jumpshot, which receives browsing data from antivirus apps.
A company in New Jersey, iCIMS, which operates job websites for about 4,000 employers, said Google's tool is the third-largest referrer of visitors to clients' pages and applicants from it are three times more likely to be hired than those from rival tools, it said.
"What we're already seeing with Google's entrance is better matching candidates to jobs," said Susan Vitale, chief marketing officer for iCIMS.
Frustrated are competitors such as Zippia, a California jobs search start-up specialising in career path data. Chief executive Henry Shao said Google's jobs tool "pushes down" Zippia content in search results, making it more difficult to attract users unless it invests in following Google's guidelines.
Zippia lacks the resources to pursue formal complaints, but would aid investigators that call, Mr Shao said.
Larger detractors include StepStone, a unit of media company and long-time Google critic Axel Springer, which eschewed Google's guidelines on most of its jobs websites. Among concerns is that participants are handing over data that could help Google bypass them entirely.
The 23 companies pressing Ms Vestager echoed that worry and said that Google including generic links to competing services high on its European jobs widget was not enough to ensure "equal treatment".
Indeed from Austin Texas, which has not formatted its website to participate in Google's tool, declined to comment.
Indeed's traffic from Google has dipped 5 per cent since 2016, according to Jumpshot. It compensated by boosting advertising and pushing new paid offerings, affecting earnings growth, former employees said.
Owner Recruit Holdings forecasts that sales from its Indeed-dominated segment will grow 35 per cent in the year ending March 31, 2020, compared with 50 per cent the year earlier, while adjusted profit margin will be flat.
Eric Liaw, a general partner invested in workplace tech start-ups at Silicon Valley's Institutional Venture Partners, said Google has "to be careful about how much air they suck out of the room given the scrutiny they are under".
