After huge rallies fed by blockbuster commodity price surges, the tide may be turning for currencies such as the Australian dollar and Colombian peso as fears of a global growth slowdown take hold in markets.
As inflation and higher borrowing costs reduce business and consumer spending, the International Monetary Fund and World Bank this week cut global growth forecasts by nearly a percentage point and flagged the risk of further drops stemming from China's Covid-19 lockdowns and western sanctions on Russia.
The warnings knocked prices of oil and metals, though tight supply of most commodities has so far capped losses. Brent crude futures remain above $100 a barrel, while the Refinitiv CRB commodity index is still up nearly a quarter this year.
Eight of the top 30 currency performers this year in a group monitored by Societe Generale are commodity-linked. In a smaller G10 grouping, four of the top five are from commodity exporting countries, Refinitiv data shows.
Societe Generale strategist Kenneth Broux reckons however, that the rally is “running on fumes” with a big test for commodity currencies coming from US real yields — or inflation-adjusted 10-year Treasury yields — turning positive this week for the first time in two years.
Central banks are also polishing their hawkish credentials, especially the US Federal Reserve.
A BofA investor survey this week predicted the Fed would hike rates more than seven times this year, up from four times in a March survey.
Anticipation of the resulting growth slowdown may be already taking the edge off commodities and commodity currencies such as the Australian dollar, which rose 10 per cent versus the greenback between end-January and late-March.
The Brazilian real has gained 18 per cent this year and the Colombian peso 8 per cent.
“Long Latin American energy exporters and short Asian importers” has been this year's most concentrated foreign exchange trade, the head of a US bank's currency desk said.
However, April has brought a turnaround. The Chilean peso, for example, has shed almost half its first-quarter gains as copper prices ease, while signs of a Chinese slowdown have weighed on the Australian and New Zealand dollars.
Morgan Stanley's proprietary FX positioning tracker, calculated off client option market positions, reflects the shift, said James Lord, the bank's global head of foreign exchange.
“Usually exchange rates tend to be very correlated and tend to go in the same direction, but we have seen a huge decoupling between commodity exporting and importing currencies since the start of the year,” Mr Lord said.
On Morgan Stanley's scale of minus 100 to plus 100, where 0 is neutral, positioning on commodity currencies reached 75 in March, the highest according to data going back to 2014. The score has since eased, albeit to a still-bullish 62.
“Commodity exporters' currencies may start to weaken from here because global growth is slowing,” Mr Lord said, noting that extreme positioning means there were “a lot of flows that can go the other way".
The catalyst could be China.
The yuan, crucial to the trajectory of commodities, has fallen to a two-month low against a basket of currencies and a Reuters poll shows analysts are “short” yuan for the first time since October.
With swathes of China under Covid-19 lockdowns, a gauge of hedge fund positioning compiled by the US CFTC shows a sharp decline in Australian dollar net longs — currently $2.1 billion versus six-year highs of about $6.5bn in January.
Brazilian real net longs have held up better, though they too are off early March's record highs of nearly $1bn. Hedge funds have also stopped buying the New Zealand and the Canadian dollar, the data shows.
If growth does slows sharply, currencies' exalted valuations will be hard to justify — the Norwegian crown's value on a trade-weighted basis is near its highest, relative to its median value, for the last 50 years.
The Australian and New Zealand dollars are also well above historic averages on a trade-weighted basis, according to Refinitiv data.
