The European Central Bank (ECB) is expected to take the next step towards a "digital euro" on Wednesday by launching the project's exploration phase, but questions remain about potential pitfalls and benefits for eurozone citizens.
The move comes as the coronavirus pandemic has hastened a shift away from cash and central bankers nervously track the rise of private cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.
But what would a digital euro mean for the 19-nation club?
A digital euro, sometimes called an "e-euro", would be an electronic version of euro notes and coins.
It would mean for the first time individuals and companies would be allowed to hold deposits directly with the ECB. This could be safer than having money with commercial banks, which could go bust, or holding cash that could be lost or stolen.
The ECB has promised any future digital euro would be "a fast, easy and secure way" to make payments. The service would be free and payments could be made by card or smartphone.
This would allow the Frankfurt-based institution to compete with foreign card companies such as Visa and Mastercard or digital payment services like PayPal, sectors where no strong European players have emerged.
A digital euro would "complement cash, not replace it", the ECB said.
The ECB is still studying which technology is best suited to develop the digital currency.
The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated a decline in the use of cash as customers try to avoid contact.
The ECB is also wary of falling behind virtual money issued by private actors like Bitcoin and Facebook's yet-to-be-launched Diem, formerly known as Libra.
And there's pressure to keep up with digital currency pilot projects launched by other central banks, before the ECB misses the boat and consumers end up putting their money elsewhere.
If people in the eurozone were to switch en masse to virtual currencies that operate outside the ECB's reach it could hamper the effectiveness of its monetary policy measures.
There are risks to adopting a digital euro, though. Citizens might avoid traditional accounts in favour of going digital, weakening retail banks in the euro area.
The risk would be higher in times of crisis, when savers might be tempted to flee to the safety of a digital euro and trigger a run on banks.
To avoid this, the ECB will likely cap the number of e-euros people could hold in digital wallets, with executive board member Fabio Panetta suggesting a threshold of around €3,000 ($3,536).
Concerns about privacy and ensuring the digital euro can't be used for money laundering will also be part of the ECB's thinking as it weighs the pros and cons in the months ahead.
A key challenge that might emerge is that users "would have to be convinced to switch to a new payment method that is hardly different from existing ones", said Deutsche Bank analyst Heike Mai.
The ECB's project follows on from pilots being undertaken by other central banks, particularly as privately-issued digital currencies tend to be highly volatile. They are also under growing scrutiny from regulators.
Bitcoin hit a record high of nearly $65,000 in April but has since plummeted by around 50 percent, largely because of a Chinese crackdown on cryptocurrency trading.
So-called stablecoins are seen as less volatile because they are pegged to traditional currencies like the US dollar or the euro. This is the route Facebook has chosen for its highly-anticipated Diem project.
Many central banks are looking into offering their own virtual money – known as Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) – as a stable and risk-free alternative.
The Chinese central bank has started trials with a digital renminbi, while the Bank of England has created a task force to research a possible "Britcoin".
The US Federal Reserve and the Bank of Japan are also exploring CBDCs.
Having completed the preliminary research and a public consultation, the ECB is expected to move to a formal investigation phase focused on the design of a digital euro next, set to take around two years.
Mr Panetta told the Financial Times that if the project is then given the go-ahead, it would take another three years to get the digital currency ready for use – meaning rollout is not expected before 2026.
Virtual banks explained
What is a virtual bank?
The Hong Kong Monetary Authority defines it as a bank that delivers services through the internet or other electronic channels instead of physical branches. That means not only facilitating payments but accepting deposits and making loans, just like traditional ones. Other terms used interchangeably include digital or digital-only banks or neobanks. By contrast, so-called digital wallets or e-wallets such as Apple Pay, PayPal or Google Pay usually serve as intermediaries between a consumer’s traditional account or credit card and a merchant, usually via a smartphone or computer.
What’s the draw in Asia?
Hundreds of millions of people under-served by traditional institutions, for one thing. In China, India and elsewhere, digital wallets such as Alipay, WeChat Pay and Paytm have already become ubiquitous, offering millions of people an easy way to store and spend their money via mobile phone. Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines are also among the world’s biggest under-banked countries; together they have almost half a billion people.
Is Hong Kong short of banks?
No, but the city is among the most cash-reliant major economies, leaving room for newcomers to disrupt the entrenched industry. Ant Financial, an Alibaba Group Holding affiliate that runs Alipay and MYBank, and Tencent Holdings, the company behind WeBank and WeChat Pay, are among the owners of the eight ventures licensed to create virtual banks in Hong Kong, with operations expected to start as early as the end of the year.
Fly from Dubai or Abu Dhabi to Chiang Mai in Thailand, via Bangkok, before taking a five-hour bus ride across the Laos border to Huay Xai. The land border crossing at Huay Xai is a well-trodden route, meaning entry is swift, though travellers should be aware of visa requirements for both countries.
Flights from Dubai start at Dh4,000 return with Emirates, while Etihad flights from Abu Dhabi start at Dh2,000. Local buses can be booked in Chiang Mai from around Dh50
