Music's biggest stars will gather in Los Angeles on Sunday for the Grammy Awards, and this year observers are hoping the hip-hop and women artists leading the pack will get their dues.
The industry's annual gala draws eye rolls every year from critics who say the winners are too white and too male, but for the second consecutive year black hip-hop artists dominated the nominations across the board.
Rapper Kendrick Lamar - who won a Pulitzer Prize for his album DAMN but not a Grammy for Album of the Year - earned eight nominations, while Canadian rapper Drake snagged seven.
Female artists scored nods in all of the top categories after being largely snubbed a year ago, with rapper Cardi B, pop diva Lady Gaga, pop futurist Janelle Monae and folk rocker Brandi Carlile among the frontrunners.
In the Best New Artist category, six of the eight nominees are women.
But skepticism lingers that nods will actually translate into wins, after rap mogul Jay-Z left empty-handed last year despite eight nominations.
That show sparked a major backlash - even retro-funk star Bruno Mars's surprise sweep in the top categories was divisive, as it was seen as somewhat out of touch with the more groundbreaking work on offer.
In response, the Recording Academy - which organises the gala - created a diversity task force and expanded the four top categories from five nominees to eight.
"The industry and the Recording Academy do understand that they have a problem on their hands," said Murray Forman, who studies pop music at Boston's Northeastern University.
'It has to start with us'
As the gala approached, controversy was brewing, with a slate of superstars declining to perform at the Staples Centre.
Drake, Lamar and Childish Gambino have all reportedly turned down offers to perform, while Ariana Grande withdrew from the show over creative difference with organisers.
Even Grammys producer Ken Ehrlich has admitted the "problem" over hip-hop artists who feel undervalued by the Academy, which includes more than 13,000 music professionals.
Lamar once again has a chance to win the prestigious Album of the Year award after three prior losses - this time for masterminding the soundtrack for the blockbuster superhero film Black Panther.
The lead song off the soundtrack - All the Stars, which he performed with R&B singer SZA - is in the running for both Record of the Year, which honours best overall song, and Song of the Year, which awards songwriting.
Drake, who has sparred with the Recording Academy in past years, nabbed nominations across the top categories for his album Scorpion and inescapable 2018 hit God's Plan.
Women snagged five of the eight Album of the Year nominations: Cardi B, Carlile, Monae, R&B prodigy H.E.R. and country star Kacey Musgraves are in the running.
Lady Gaga boasts five nominations including for both Record and Song of the Year for her heart-pounding hit Shallow, which she performed in the film A Star Is Born with co-star Bradley Cooper.
Carlile - this year's most-nominated woman - said women must promote each other to bring about change.
"We can blame men, and we can blame the industry and we can blame commerce, but it has to start with us," the 37-year-old told Variety.
'Racialised categories'
Despite rap's strong number of nominations, most experts are not expecting a quick revolution, saying successful black artists have long been restricted to wins in categories like Best Rap Album.
"It's not so much that black people are invisible or not innovating - it's about those innovations being contained to racialised categories," said Guthrie Ramsey, a musicologist at the University of Pennsylvania.
After last year's shutout, Jay-Z dissed the Academy in Apes**t, with wife Beyonce - which is vying on Sunday for Best Music Video, along with four other boundary-pushing black nominees.
But for others, part of rap's appeal is that it remains non-conformist.
"So much of rap music history has been about resistance and counterculture - a win also means the approval of mainstream culture," said Akil Houston, a hip-hop scholar at Ohio University.
"In a way, then you lose that outsider edge."
'Representation is everything'
Sunday's ceremony, hosted by songstress Alicia Keys, will feature performances by Gaga, Cardi B, Carlile and Monae.
"Representation is everything," Carlile said at a pre-Grammy gala honouring country legend Dolly Parton. "If there's a little girl waiting up late to see me sing on the Grammys, then I'm happy I'm here."
A tribute to the late Aretha Franklin is also planned.
