US hate crimes jumped 11.6% in 2021, fuelled by racial and ethnic bias

Incidents of hate-motivated attacks rose to 9,065 in 2021 from 8,120 in 2020

A woman holds a placard during a Stop Asian Hate rally in New York in April 2021. Reuters

Hate crimes in the US surged 11.6 per cent in 2021, with the largest number motivated by bias against black people, followed by crimes committed due to a victims' ethnicity, sexuality or religion, the FBI has said in a new report.

The report, released on Monday, said that hate crime incidents rose to 9,065 in 2021 from 8,120 in 2020.

The FBI defines a hate crime as a criminal offence motivated “by the offender's bias(es) against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender or gender identity”.

The bureau said 64.5 per cent of hate crime victims in 2021 were attacked because of their race, ethnicity or ancestry, while 15.9 per cent were targets because of their sexual orientation and 14.1 per cent due to their religion.

The largest number of reported incidents, about 2,233, were driven by anti-African-American bias.

Of the religion-based hate crimes, a little more than half were committed against Jewish people.

About 948 of the reported crimes were motivated by anti-white bias, while there were 543 incidents against gay men and 415 involving members of the broader LGBTQ community.

Bias against Hispanics led to 433 incidents, while the FBI reported 305 such incidents against Asians.

US Attorney General Merrick Garland has made tackling hate crimes a top priority for the Justice Department.

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  Payton Gendron has pleaded guilty to murder and hate-motivated terrorism charges. AP

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  The charges carry an automatic sentence of life in prison. AP

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  Gendron, 19, live-streamed the shooting on social media. Reuters

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  US Attorney General Merrick Garland places flowers at a memorial for the shooting victims earlier this year. AP

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  Mr Garland was in Buffalo to announce federal hate crime charges against Gendron. AP

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  Matt Swerdlin kneels with his children during a June March For Our Lives event in Buffalo. Getty Images / AFP

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  Gun reform advocates in hundreds of communities across the US took to the streets following shootings earlier this year in Buffalo and Uvalde, Texas. Getty Images / AFP

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  The nationwide marches were organised by the group founded by survivors of the 2018 high school shooting in Parkland, Florida, that killed 17 people. Getty Images / AFP

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  Marchers pause at a memorial for the Tops grocery store mass shooting. Getty Images / AFP

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  US President Joe Biden has called for a total ban on AR-15-style assault weapons. Getty Images / AFP

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  Attorney Benjamin Crump, accompanied by the family of Ruth Whitfield, a victim of shooting at a supermarket, speaks to the media during a news conference in Buffalo, New York. AP

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  Vintage Firearms, the gun shop where Buffalo supermarket shooting suspect Payton Gendron legally purchased his weapon, in Endicott, New York. Reuters

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  Vintage Firearms in Endicott, New York. Reuters

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  A member of the FBI looks at bullet holes through the glass at the scene of a shooting at a TOPS supermarket in Buffalo, New York. Reuters

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  People embrace near the scene of the fatal mass shooting in Buffalo. AP

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  Police officers secure the scene after a shooting at TOPS supermarket in Buffalo. Reuters

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  Buffalo Police Commissioner Joseph Gramaglia speaks at a press conference after the shooting. AP

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  A woman is in shock, as police investigate the shooting. AP

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  A man is detained after the mass shooting. Photo: BigDawg/ via Reuters

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  Two people hug near the scene of the mass shooting. EPA

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  Payton Gendron was arraigned on first-degree murder charges and detained without bail. AP

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  A floral tribute and candles are laid. AP

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  Stephanie Morris is overcome with emotion after news of the fatal shooting spread. AP

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  Children walk hand in hand near the scene of the shooting. AP

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  People pay their respects outside the supermarket. AP

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  Mourners gather for a vigil for victims of the shooting. Reuters

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  Sharon Doyle gathers with others outside the supermarket. AP

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  Worshippers affected by the shooting pray at True Bethel Baptist Church in Buffalo. AP

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  People march to the scene of the shooting in Buffalo. AP

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  A person holds a flower as a group prays near the scene of the shooting. AP

In 2021, he expanded funding and other resources to help track and investigate hate crimes, and ordered prosecutors to step up both criminal and civil investigations into such incidents.

“We are continuing to work with state and local law enforcement agencies across the country to increase the reporting of hate crime statistics to the FBI,” said Associate Attorney General Vanita Gupta.

“Hate crimes and the devastation they cause communities have no place in this country. The Justice Department is committed to every tool and resource at our disposal to combat bias-motivated violence in all its forms.”

The rise in hate crimes in 2021 was the largest in more than three decades, Brian Levin, director of the Centre for the Study of Hate and Extremism at California State University, San Bernardino, said in an interview.

“This represents a horrifying new era that we're in with elevated historic levels across many years and a broken record in 2021.”

The FBI's new analysis marks the first time the bureau has been able to confidently report national hate crimes trends since it transitioned to a new data collection system.

Uniform crime data released by the FBI in October 2022 contained gaps, with only 52 per cent of law enforcement agencies reporting a full 12 months of 2021 information.

For its supplemental report, FBI officials said they were able to retroactively include crime data from some of the country's largest cities that had not yet made the switch to the new reporting format.

The Anti-Defamation League, which collects its own criminal and non-criminal data on acts of hate against Jewish people, counted a total of 2,717 anti-Semitic incidents in 2021 — the highest figure since the organisation began tracking such data in 1979.

“With anti-Semitic incidents up across the board in nearly every category we track,” said Jonathan Greenblatt, chief executive of the ADL, “a whole-of-government, whole-of-society approach will be needed to address these extremely disturbing trends.”

Agencies contributed to this report