Alabama seeks world-first execution by nitrogen hypoxia

State has authorised method but never used it before

The execution chamber at a Texas prison. Nitrogen hypoxia is a proposed execution method in which death would be caused by forcing the inmate to breathe only nitrogen, thereby depriving him or her of the oxygen needed to maintain bodily functions. AFPShow less

The US state of Alabama told a federal judge that it could soon be ready to use a new, untried execution method called nitrogen hypoxia to carry out a death sentence.

The disclosure came on Monday at a court hearing over inmate Alan Miller’s request to block his scheduled September 22 execution by lethal injection. Miller maintains that prison staff lost paperwork he returned in 2018 requesting nitrogen hypoxia, an execution method that the state has authorised but never used.

US District Judge R Austin Huffaker Jr asked whether Alabama was ready to carry out executions by nitrogen hypoxia.

James Houts, a deputy state attorney general, said the method could be available as soon as next week. He said, however, that a final decision on when to use the new method would be up to Corrections Commissioner John Hamm.

The Alabama Department of Corrections did not respond to an email seeking comment about the status of the proposed new execution method.

Here is what is known about nitrogen hypoxia:

What is nitrogen hypoxia?

Nitrogen hypoxia is a proposed execution method in which death would be caused by forcing the inmate to breathe only nitrogen, thereby depriving him or her of the oxygen needed to maintain bodily functions.

A prison guard tower in the US. Alabama is working on finalising a protocol for using nitrogen hypoxia. AP

Has it ever been used?

No. No state has used nitrogen hypoxia to carry out a death sentence. In 2018, Alabama became the third state — along with Oklahoma and Mississippi — to authorise the untested use of nitrogen gas to execute prisoners. However, lethal injection remains the state’s primary execution method.

How is it supposed to work?

Nitrogen makes up 78 per cent of the air inhaled by humans and is harmless when inhaled with oxygen. The theory behind the execution method is that changing the composition of the air to 100 per cent nitrogen would cause the inmate to pass out and then die from lack of oxygen.

Why did states propose the new method?

States began proposing nitrogen hypoxia as an alternate execution method because of difficulty obtaining lethal injection drugs and ongoing litigation over the humaneness of lethal injection.

Proponents have theorised that nitrogen hypoxia would be a simpler and more humane execution method. Trip Pittman, a Republican lawmaker who sponsored the 2018 legislation, theorised it would be similar to how aircraft passengers pass out when a plane depressurises.

What are the concerns?

Critics have likened the untested method to human experimentation.

“It is completely untested,” said Robert Dunham, executive director of the Death Penalty Information Centre.

No state has publicly released a protocol describing how it would work.

While proponents have theorised it would be quick and painless, Mr Dunham noted that states once said the same thing about the electric chair.

The American Veterinary Medical Association’s euthanasia guidelines say inert gas hypoxia is acceptable, under certain conditions, for the euthanasia of chickens, turkeys and pigs but is not recommended for other mammals such as rats.

How would Alabama carry out an execution by nitrogen hypoxia?

This is currently unknown. The state has released little information about the proposed method.

Most of the available information has come from court proceedings. The Alabama Department of Corrections told a federal judge last year that it had completed a “system” to use nitrogen gas but did not describe it.

During a September 11 court hearing, a lawyer for the state said they asked Miller if he would agree to be fitted with a mask, an indication that the state may intend to place a face mask over the inmate's nose and mouth.

What is happening in other states?

Oklahoma, which in 2015 was the first state to approve the use of nitrogen gas for use in executions, has not finalised plans to use it. The state has resumed lethal injections.

Department of Corrections emails obtained by The Associated Press show the agency’s former deputy chief of operations reached out to a manufacturer of reduced oxygen breathing units used to help train pilots on the signs and symptoms of hypoxia.

The president of the company responded that she didn’t believe executions would be an appropriate use of the product and that she had concerns about potential liability.

What happens next?

Alabama is working on finalising a protocol for using nitrogen hypoxia, Mr Houts told the judge.

The steps must be added to the existing state protocol that describes the procedures for an execution using the electric chair or lethal injection.

He said Alabama’s prison commissioner has the final decision on when to allow its use.

Litigation is expected if the state decides to go forward with the method. Lethal injection will remain the primary execution method in Alabama.

However, when Alabama authorised nitrogen hypoxia in 2018, state law gave inmates a brief window to select it as their preferred execution method. A number of inmates selected nitrogen.

Singapore executes 'disabled' Malaysian Nagaenthran Dharmalingam on drugs charges - in pictures

An activist protests at a candlelit vigil against the execution of Malaysian citizen Nagaenthran Dharmalingam, who was convicted of a drug offence 11 years ago in Singapore but had been diagnosed as intellectually disabled, outside Singapore's embassy in Kuala Lumpur. EPA

His lawyers had filed successive appeals against his death penalty, saying he was intellectually disabled. Reuters

His brother Navin Kumar said the execution had been carried out in Singapore. He said the body would be sent back to Malaysia for a funeral in Ipoh. Reuters

Angelia Pranthaman, sister of Pannir Selvam Pranthaman, another Malaysian drug trafficker facing death sentence, cries at the vigil for Nagaenthran Dharmalingam in Kuala Lumpur. Reuters

Dharmalingam's mother filed a last-minute legal challenge to halt her son's execution but it was dismissed by the Singapore Court of Appeal. EPA

At the end of the hearing, Nagaenthran and his family reached through a gap in a glass screen to grasp each others' hands tightly as they wept. EPA

About 300 people held a candlelight vigil at a Singapore park on Monday to protest against the hanging. EPA

Anti-death penalty group Reprieve called the execution a 'tragic miscarriage of justice'. Reuters

Panchalai Supermaniam, mother of Nagaenthran Dharmalingam, weeps as she thanks supporters and activists after her last-ditch challenge was dismissed, outside the Supreme Court in Singapore. Reuters

Another vigil was held outside the Singapore High Commission in Kuala Lumpur on Tuesday evening appealing for clemency, with one protester carrying a placard reading 'Singapore spare Nagaenthran the noose. Reuters

The Singapore government says the death penalty is a deterrent against drug trafficking and most of its citizens support capital punishment. AFP