WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, whose extradition to the US was approved by Britain on Friday, faces charges of espionage in a case that could prove to be an unprecedented legal battle pitting national security against fundamental press freedoms.
What are the charges against Assange?
In 2009, WikiLeaks rocked the world when it published about 750,000 classified US documents and diplomatic cables which exposed possible war crimes, torture and secret military operations, as well as unveiling the often unseemly behind-the-scenes activities of US diplomacy.
A US military intelligence officer, Chelsea Manning, was arrested and sentenced to prison for hanging over the files to WikiLeaks.
US authorities allege that Assange directed and abetted Manning in stealing the files, when he tried to help her break a passcode to a Pentagon computer system.
On that basis, on April 11, 2019 the Department of Justice unsealed initial charges against Assange for conspiracy to break into a classified computer system to obtain “national defence information” and requested his extradition from Britain.
Twelve days later, the department issued a superseding indictment, charging him with 17 counts under the US Espionage Act.
It said that Assange, a citizen of Australia, had stolen US defence and national security information and disclosed it, putting the country, its officials and confidential sources at risk.
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A Julian Assange supporter outside Westminster Magistrates' Court in London. A British magistrate has sent the case of Julian Assange to Home Secretary Priti Patel who will decide whether the Wikileaks founder should be extradited to the US. Reuters -
Stella Morris, the wife of Julian Assange, talks to the media outside Westminster Magistrates' Court PA -
WikiLeaks Editor in Chief Kristinn Hrafnsson outside the court. Reuters -
Supporters of Assange protest outside court. The extradition order must be signed by Ms Patel, after which Assange can try to challenge the decision by judicial review. Getty Images -
Graffiti on a building opposite the court. Getty Images -
Assange, 50, is wanted in the US on 18 criminal charges, including breaking a spying law, after WikiLeaks published thousands of secret US files in 2010. Getty Images -
Former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn speaks to supporters of Assange outside the court. Getty Images -
Supporters hold placards outside Westminster Magistrates court. AFP
Journalist or not?
The charges under the espionage act are particularly troubling to civil liberties defenders and the media.
Assange calls himself a journalist and though WikiLeaks, when created in 2006, was a new kind of activity — a website that collected secret documents and published them online for anyone to see — it was not deeply different from traditional media publishing government secrets.
Viewed from that angle, Assange's publishing activities could be protected by the US Constitution's First Amendment, which explicitly guarantees freedom of the press.
“The new charges focus on receiving and publishing classified material from a government source. That is something journalists do all the time,” The New York Times wrote in an editorial on the day the indictment was released.
“This is what the First Amendment is designed to protect: the ability of publishers to provide the public with the truth.”
The government of Barack Obama, president from 2009-2017, opted to not go after Assange to avoid a constitutional fight over the definition of journalism.
But the next administration of Republican president Donald Trump took a hard line, branding Assange a foreign threat and WikiLeaks a “hostile intelligence service”.
“The department takes seriously the role of journalists in our democracy. But Julian Assange is no journalist,” Mr Trump's assistant attorney general John Demers said when the charges were unveiled.
What awaits Assange in the US?
Assange could stall any extradition with his appeals both in Britain and the European Court of Human Rights.
But if he is sent to the US, he will stand trial in a federal court in Alexandria, Virginia, known for its tough handling of sensitive intelligence and espionage-related cases.
On the original charge, of helping an attempt to break into Pentagon computers, Assange would face up to five years in prison.
But the charges under the Espionage Act could bring up to 175 years in prison.
Assange's lawyers in Britain originally blocked extradition last year, arguing that he was at risk of suicide and would not be safe in poorly managed US prisons.
On appeal, US authorities promised the British courts that Assange would be closely watched, would not be subjected to solitary confinement and would not be sent to a “supermax” prison that is reserved for the most dangerous offenders.
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Stella Moris leaves Belmarsh prison with Julian Assange's father, Richard Assange, after marrying the WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange in London. Getty Images -
Ms Moris walks with her sons, Gabriel and Max, to speak to the media and supporters. AP -
Figurines are displayed on a wedding cake before it was cut by Ms Moris after marrying her partner, the WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange. AP -
Ms Moris arrives with relatives at Belmarsh Prison to marry Julian Assange. AFP -
Ms Moris is photographed in her Vivienne Westwood wedding dress, with sons Max, 3, and Gabriel, 4. AP Photo -
A wedding cake brought by supporters. PA -
Figurines on top of the cake. Reuters -
Ms Moris poses for the media and supporters. AP Photo -
Supporters of Julian Assange celebrate his wedding. PA -
Ms Moris arrives at the prison. Reuters -
A supporter of Julian Assange fixes a sign to a wall outside Belmarsh Prison. PA -
Stella Moris poses in her wedding dress. PA
Political fight
If the case goes to trial, the issues of what WikiLeaks did and what damage it may have caused could be subsumed by the issues of national security.
Assange has called it a political prosecution and his lawyers will seek to paint it as such.
It is not clear how President Joe Biden's Justice Department, which inherited the case from Mr Trump, views it. Mr Biden was Mr Obama's vice president.
Much of the US intelligence community want Assange prosecuted. US media and rights groups are meanwhile squaring up for a fight on constitutional principles.
“By continuing to extradite Assange, the Biden [Justice Department] is ignoring the dire warnings of virtually every major civil liberties and human rights organisation in the country that the case will do irreparable damage to basic press freedom rights of US reporters,” said Trevor Timm, executive director of the Freedom of the Press Foundation.
