It is now "virtually certain" that 2023 will be the hottest year on record, the World Meteorological Organisation has said, amid a series of temperature records this year.
The UN weather agency's general secretary said there had been a "cacophony of broken records" linked to a series of extreme weather events in 2023, which likely saw the hottest month on land in the last 120,000 years in July.
The release of the global agency’s provisional findings for the year has been timed to inform negotiations at the Cop28 climate conference, which began in Dubai on Thursday.
The report called for urgent action from global leaders to hit the brakes on fossil fuel emissions, which is the main cause of the warming climate, amid the series of worrying temperature rises.
“Record global heating should send shivers down the spines of world leaders and it should trigger them to act,” UN Secretary-General António Guterres said in Dubai on Thursday as the Cop28 climate summit began.
“We are living through climate collapse in real time, and the impact is devastating.”
The report said April through to October saw record high monthly temperatures in the oceans, while July was the likely the hottest on land in the last 120,000 years.
This year has seen a string of natural disasters, including extreme flooding from Storm Daniel, which killed thousands of people in Libya, wildfires in Canada, which burnt 18.5 million hectares - an area bigger than England and Wales - and severe drought in Uruguay that emptied its reservoirs and pushed the country close to running out of fresh water.
Akshay Deoras, a research scientist at the National Centre for Atmospheric Science and the Department of Meteorology at the University of Reading, told The National the rise in temperatures this year has been "alarming".
He said: "When you increase greenhouse gas emissions, what that is going to do is it is going to increase the temperature over the ocean as well as over the land. And when that happens you get decline in sea ice.
"What basically has happened this year is that the magnitude of all these individual things is so large, be it the land temperature, or the ocean temperature, or the extent of the sea ice, that this has been really alarming.
"And continuing forward I expect what will happen is that we will continue to get similar trends, so in a certain year, you would continue to see some months being the hottest on record."
Petteri Taalas, Secretary-General of the WMO, said greenhouse gas levels, global temperatures and sea level rise are all at record highs.
"Antarctic sea ice is record low. It's a deafening cacophony of broken records," he added.
"These are more than just statistics. We risk losing the race to save our glaciers and to rein in sea level rise.
"We cannot return to the climate of the 20th century, but we must act now to limit the risks of an increasingly inhospitable climate in this and the coming centuries."
"Extreme weather is destroying lives and livelihoods on a daily basis - underlining the imperative need to ensure that everyone is protected by early warning services."
Greenhouse gases continue to rise despite years of international government pledges to bring them down which is creating an increasingly hostile environment for human beings and wildlife by bringing fiercer heatwaves, droughts and storms.
Data up until October shows 2023 to have warmed 1.4°C above the pre-industrial average, which is higher than the previous two hottest years of 2020 and 2016 and the final two months are unlikely to change this outcome, the WMO said.
Temperatures are likely to remain high going into 2024 due to El Nino - a naturally occurring process in the eastern tropical Pacific that sees warmer water rise to the surface.
It adds to the warming in the atmosphere already caused by humans and leads to more severe droughts across areas like Indonesia, Australia, India, South Africa and the Amazon, increasing the likelihood of wildfires and making food harder to grow.
Carbon dioxide levels are 50 per cent higher than before the Industrial Revolution, warming the atmosphere and the ocean, while the sea is rising twice as fast now than in the 1990s because of melting glaciers.
Antarctic sea ice has also been at a record low this year with ice covering an area the size of France and Germany combined missing compared to the previous low record.
Heatwave around the world - in pictures
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An Iraqi man cool himself off in a spray of water during a sweltering hot day at the Al-Khilani square in central Baghdad, Iraq. EPA -
Children play on water jets at a public square on a very hot afternoon in Madrid, Spain. Getty Images -
A costumed spiderman drinks during a heat wave in New York. Bloomberg -
A pedestrian carries an umbrella during a heat wave in Miami, Florida, US. Bloomberg -
A Palestinian, Mustafa Abdou, repairs fan in his shop amid a heatwave at Shati refugee camp in Gaza City. Reuters -
A man dives into a canal during a hot day in Larkana district of Sind province. AFP -
A man cools himself with a fan while browsing his phone on a sweltering day in Beijing. AP -
People drink coconut water at a market in Dubai to cope with the hot weather. AFP -
A worker washes his face to cope with the hot weather in Dubai. AFP -
An Egyptian girl cools off in the water amid a heatwave, at a Red Sea resort in Hurghada Egypt. Reuters -
Pedestrians hold umbrellas for protection from the sun during a heat wave in New York, US. Bloomberg -
A homeless person holds an umbrella to block out the sun on a hot day in New York City. AFP -
Bottles of water being delivered on a hot summer day in Istanbul. AP -
Diving into the Treska river near Skopje, as temperatures in North Macedonia soared. AFP -
A woman takes a photograph of the Acropolis in Athens in high temperatures. AFP -
A woman shelters from the sun during a heatwave in Rome. Reuters -
Shelia Nunez, 40, cools her dog with ice while sitting under a shaded bus stop in Phoenix, Arizona. AFP -
A lion eats an icy treat containing meat and ostrich eggs to cool down during a regional heatwave at the Safari Zoological Centre in Ramat Gan, Israel. Reuters -
Children play in a water fountain near the walls of Jerusalem's Old City. Reuters -
Traffic warden Rai Rogers works on his street corner under the hot sun in Las Vegas. AFP -
A woman uses a fan amid an alert for a heatwave in Shanghai. Reuters -
Andrea Washington pours water on herself in the Hungry Hill neighbourhood of Austin, Texas. Getty -
A busy beach in Rabat, Morocco. EPA -
A person receives medical attention after collapsing in a shop in Phoenix, Arizona, in high heat. AFP -
An Iraqi dives into the Tigris to beat the heat in Baghdad. AP -
Youths play in a fountain at a park in the Syrian capital Damascus, as temperatures exceed 35°C. AFP
Swiss glaciers have lost 10 per cent of their ice in the last two years, the WMO said, while those in the Pyrenees are likely to disappear completely in a few years, Spanish scientists have previously warned.
