Social media executives could now face jail time in Australia if real violence such as the recent New Zealand mosque shooting is streamed on their platform.
The new legislation was passed by Australia's Parliament on Thursday after the conservative government introduced the bills in response to the March 15 attacks in Christchurch. An Australian white supremacist is believed to have used a helmet-mounted camera to broadcast live on Facebook as he shot worshippers in the two mosques.
But critics of the bill warn that some of the most restrictive laws about online communication in the democratic world could have unforeseen consequences, including media censorship and reduced investment in Australia.
Australia's government rushed the legislation through the last two days that Parliament sits before elections are expected in May, dispensing with the usual procedure of a committee scrutinizing its content first.
"Together we must act to ensure that perpetrators and their accomplices cannot leverage online platforms for the purpose of spreading their violent and extreme propaganda – these platforms should not be weaponized for evil," Attorney-General Christian Porter told Parliament while introducing the bill.
The opposition's spokesman on the attorney-general portfolio, Mark Dreyfus, committed his centre-left Labour Party to support the bill, despite misgivings. If the Labour wins the election, the law would be reviewed by a parliamentary committee.
The bill would make it a crime for social media platforms not to remove "abhorrent violent material" quickly. The crime would be punishable by three years in prison and a fine of 10.5 million Australian dollars (Dh 27.5 million) or 10 per cent of the platform's annual turnover.
Abhorrent violent material is defined as acts of terrorism, murder, attempted murder, torture, rape and kidnapping. The material must be recorded by the perpetrator or an accomplice for the law to apply.
Platforms anywhere in the world would face fines of up to 840,000 Australian dollars if they fail to notify Australian Federal Police if they are aware their service was streaming "abhorrent violent conduct" occurring in Australia.
Mr Dreyfus described the bill as "clumsy and flawed." He described the timetable to pass the bill as "ridiculous." Labour first saw the legislation late on Monday.
The bill could potentially undermine Australia's security cooperation with the United States by requiring US internet providers to share content data with Australian Federal Police in breach of US law, Mr Dreyfus said.
"Labour believes that the social media companies must do more in preventing the dissemination of material produced by terrorists, showing of their crimes, and for that reason Labour will, despite reservations ... be supporting the passage of this bill," Mr Dreyfus said.
An attempt by the minor Greens party and independent lawmakers to have the vote scrutinised by a parliamentary committee was rejected.
Arthur Moses, president of the Australian Law Council, the nation's top lawyers group, said the bill could lead to media censorship and prevent whistle-blowers from using social media to shine a light on atrocities because of social media companies' fear of prosecution.
"Media freedom and whistleblowing of atrocities here and overseas have been put at risk by the ill-informed live-stream laws passed by the Federal Parliament," Mr Moses said.
The penalties would be "bad for certainty and bad for business" which could scare off online business investment in Australia, Mr Moses said.
Australian Industry Group chief executive Innes Willox, a leading business advocate, said more time was required to ensure the law did not unnecessarily impinge on existing fundamental media rights and freedoms.
"Rushing this legislation through will not make Australia safe," he said.
Scott Farquhar, co-founder of the Sydney-based software company Atlassian, predicted job losses in the technology industry.
"As of today, any person working at any company [globally] that allows users to upload videos or images could go to jail," Mr Farquhar tweeted. "Guilty until proven innocent."
Fergus Hanson, head of the International Cyber Policy Centre at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, saw problems in the legislation's definitions, including how long a company had to "expeditiously" remove offensive material.
Alex McCauley, chief executive of national tech startup advocacy organisation StartupAUS, described the legislation as "anti-tech."
"We want to see it [social media] better regulated and we just simply haven't had the conversation at a national level about what that means and there hasn't been time and there hasn't been consultation," Mr McCauley told Australian Broadcasting Corp.
The Christchurch shooter broadcast for 17-minutes on Facebook but it was first reported 29 minutes after it began. The company said it removed 1.5 million videos of the shootings during the first 24 hours afterwards.
It was filmed by a 28-year-old-Australian whose video and writings included anti-Muslim views and detailed how he planned the attack. The accused is scheduled to appear in court Friday and will face 50 murder and 38 attempted murder charges, according to New Zealand police.
Executives of Facebook, Google, Twitter, internet service providers and Australian phone companies met Prime Minister Scott Morrison and three ministers last which to discuss social media regulation. Communications Minister Mitch Fifield said Facebook "did not present any immediate solutions to the issues arising out of the horror that occurred in Christchurch."
Facebook did not immediately respond to a request for comment on Thursday.
Mr Morrison wants to take the Australian law to a Group of 20 countries forum as a model for holding social media companies to account.
New Zealand's Justice Minister Andrew Little said his government had also made a commitment to review the role of social media and the obligations of the companies that provide the platforms.
And he said he'd asked officials to look at the effectiveness of current hate speech laws and whether there were gaps that need to be filled.
Little said he didn't see any irony in that people were watching hearings into a bill that would place new restrictions on guns in real time on Facebook, the same platform the shooter used to broadcast the massacre.
"There's a world of difference, I think, between the exercise of a democratic function and a democratic institution like a national parliament, and some of the more toxic stuff that you see put out by individuals," he said.
