Mabrouk Ahmed says he has to keep watch into the night to stop people dumping their rubbish on the wide street that runs in front of his home in the south of Libya’s capital, Tripoli.
A few hundred metres away, next to the concrete supports of an unfinished bridge, mounds of trash piled higher than the passing cars smoulder by the roadside.
The build-up of rubbish, which residents say hit unprecedented levels in recent weeks before easing slightly, reflects the steady decline of public services in a city cut off from its hinterland and largest landfill site by a six-month military offensive.
Since eastern-based forces led by Khalifa Haftar launched a campaign against militia in Tripoli in early April, it has become impossible to access the city’s main landfill site in Sidi Al Sayih, about 50 kilometres south of the centre.
City authorities started depositing waste from across Tripoli at a transit point in the Abu Slim district.
When it started overflowing, officials tried to cut down the intake, causing an accumulation of rubbish on the streets of many neighbourhoods.
In response, people have put up signs threatening violence or making religious invocations to stop the rubbish dumping.
Others place plastic water containers and tyres on pavements near their shops or homes, or cordon them off with plastic tape.
“Backward people: don’t dump your rubbish here,” read one sign in Al Hadba, the district in which Mr Ahmed, 38, lives.
“If I don’t keep an eye from eight in the morning till midnight they dump their rubbish in the street,” the health worker said.
“There are lots of harmful effects. When they set it on fire you can’t sit in front of your home. The smoke even gets inside the house.”
Despite sporadic fighting on the city’s outskirts, life in central Tripoli continues much as before. Some rubbish trucks and street sweepers are at work and roads in some wealthier areas are clean.
But infrastructure in the city of three million has been gradually ground down by intermittent conflict and political paralysis since Libya’s 2011 uprising.
The internationally recognised government in Tripoli, hamstrung since its inception in 2016 by rejection from rivals in the east and powerful local armed groups, is fighting for survival.
An influx of tens of thousands of people displaced by the current battle has further strained services, shutting some schools and pushing up rents.
Trucks now unload at the Abu Slim site by driving on to a 25-metre tall mountain of rubbish.
As new deliveries arrive, rubbish pickers – mainly African migrants with rags wrapped around their faces because of the stench – search for plastic, cardboard and metal. But the rest stays.
“We’re packing the rubbish down now to have more space,” said Oraby Moussa, a supervisor.
The dump adjoins blocks of flats where people have to keep windows shut against toxic fumes, said resident Ibrahim Bouzaid, who had gathered about 500 signatures calling for the waste to be moved.
“There are nasty smells, germs, insects. It’s a big issue and now it’s become unmanageable. There are cases of asthma, respiratory illnesses ...”
In Fashloum, a central neighbourhood, pharmacist Safia Labsir said she had intervened to stop someone from igniting the rubbish outside her pharmacy.
“I would rather breathe in the smell than set fire to it and cause a disaster,” Ms Labsir said.
