Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has said he will discuss developments in Syria with his Russia's President Vladimir Putin, during his visit to Russia on Friday.
Mr Erdogan said meetings between Turkish and Russian delegations at the Russian Black Sea resort of Sochi had been fruitful.
Sitting opposite Mr Putin ahead of their talks, Mr Erdogan said it was important that the Akkuyu nuclear plant being built by a Russian company in southern Turkey was completed on time.
Mr Erdogan is riding high from the diplomatic success of helping to orchestrate the resumption of Ukrainian grain shipments across the Black Sea. This is his second meeting with Mr Putin in just over two weeks.
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Russian President Vladimir Putin, Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan pose for a photo in Tehran before holding a meeting on Syria. AFP -
The meeting followed the so-called Astana Format discussions on Syria. AFP -
It was Mr Putin's first overseas trip outside Russia since his country's invasion of Ukraine began in February. AFP -
Mr Putin was also expected to discuss the Ukraine war with Mr Erdogan at the meeting. Reuters -
The meeting comes only days after Russian and Ukrainian officials met Turkish officials to mediate an agreement on grain exports. AFP -
Mr Putin was also expected to discuss the stalled international discussions on reviving the 2015 nuclear agreement with Iranian officials. AFP -
The connection between Russia and Iran has deepened as they both support Syria's President Bashar Al Assad while Turkey, by contrast, backs rebel factions in the north-western parts of the country. AP -
The US issued a warning last week that Iran was preparing to send Russia hundreds of drones, including models capable of carrying weapons, amid significant losses by Moscow’s military as Mr Putin's war approaches its sixth month. Reuters -
Iranian supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei holds talks with Mr Putin and Mr Raisi in Tehran. EPA -
Mr Putin is in Iran to deepen ties with regional heavyweights as part of a challenge to the US and Europe, which have imposed sanctions on Moscow over its war in Ukraine. AP
But there are tensions. The Turkish leader was told by Mr Putin in Tehran last month that Russia remains opposed to any new offensive that Turkey might be planning against Kurdish militias in northern Syria.
Analysts believe these strains form part of the “competitive co-operation” that has defined the two leaders' relationship over the past 20 years.
“Russia's war on Ukraine has restored Turkey's self-image as a key geopolitical player and given Erdogan more visibility than at any time in the last few years,” Asli Aydintasbas, a fellow of the European Council of Foreign Relations think tank wrote in a report last week.
“Most Turks support their country's balancing act and quasi-neutral position between the West and Russia.”
Attempts by Nato member Turkey to remain neutral in the face of Moscow's standoff with the West over Ukraine are starting to pay off.
Months of Turkish efforts saw Moscow and Kyiv sign a UN-backed agreement in Istanbul last month to resume grain deliveries from Ukrainian ports.
The first ship from Ukraine stopped for inspection in Turkey on Wednesday. Three more are expected to set sail on Friday under the deal aimed at relieving a global food crisis caused by the war.
Turkey wants to translate this success into truce talks in Istanbul between Mr Putin and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.
“We discussed if the grain agreement could be an occasion for a sustainable ceasefire,” Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu said after talks with Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov in Asia on Wednesday.
Complicating these efforts are repeated threats by Mr Erdogan to launch a new military operation in Syria, a country where Russian and Turkish interests clash.
Russia's military helped Syrian President Bashar Al Assad survive a decade-long civil war against numerous armed groups, including some backed by Turkey.
But Mr Erdogan is threatening to invade northern Syria to establish a buffer zone that pushes out Kurdish groups he links to groups waging an insurgency against the Turkish state.
Mr Putin told Russian media in Tehran that he still had “certain disagreements” with Mr Erdogan about Syria.
“In most likelihood, [Friday's] meeting has something do with a possible incursion into Syria, for which Turkey did not get a green light from Russia — or from Iran, for that matter,” said foreign affairs analyst Soli Ozel of Istanbul's Kadir Has University.
“Russia would have to get something in return,” he said.
Some Turkish media have speculated that Mr Putin really wants drones.
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A Russian multiple-launch 'Hurricane' rocket system in action during battles in an undisclosed area in Ukraine. EPA -
The Turkish bulk carrier 'Osprey S' is anchored off the shore near Istanbul. The vessel was expected to arrive in Ukraine's Chornomorsk port carrying grain, becoming the first ship to arrive at a Ukrainian port during the war. Reuters -
Young volunteers from the 'Repair Together' initiative, together with the local residents, clear rubble from a house that was destroyed during fighting, in Ivanivka, Chernihiv region. EPA -
A member of the Ukrainian National Guard jumps into a trench at a position near a front line, in the Kharkiv region. Reuters -
A Ukrainian soldier after a rocket fragment hit his car, in Bakhmut. AFP -
Combine harvesters of the Continental Farmers Group agricultural company harvest wheat in the Ternopil region of Ukraine. Getty Images -
A cemetery worker places a cross on the grave of Ukrainian soldier Serhiy Marchenko, who died aged 26, after his burial in Pokrovsk, Donetsk region. AP -
Women attend a rally of relatives and friends of defenders of the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works in Mariupol. Reuters -
Ukrainian troops fire with a BM27 Uragan multiple-launch rocket system, in the Kharkiv region. Reuters -
A couple carry water bottles after filling them up at a store in Pokrovsk, Donetsk region. AP -
A girl holds a doll as people wait in Pokrovsk, to board a train to Dnipro and Lviv, during an evacuation effort from war-affected areas of eastern Ukraine. Reuters -
People make their way through the partially-closed Market of Kramatorsk. Reuters
Turkey has been supplying Kyiv with Bayraktar drones that have proved effective in destroying Russian armoured vehicles in Ukraine.
US officials say a Russian team has visited Iran to look at purchasing hundreds of its drones for its own forces in Ukraine.
Mr Erdogan has added to the intrigue by telling his Cabinet that Mr Putin asked him in Tehran to start selling Bayraktars to Russia.
A senior Turkish official later said that Mr Erdogan interpreted the suggestion as a joke.
But Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov appeared to lend credence to the idea.
Kremlin spokesman
“Military and technological co-operation are always on the two countries' agenda,” Mr Peskov said.
One unlikely source of tension is how the two leaders, renowned for being late, will actually meet.
Mr Erdogan made Mr Putin stand in place for nearly 50 seconds before walking out to greet him in Tehran.
A Turkish state news agency camera zeroed in on the Russian president's face for the entire time.
Many interpreted this as payback for the time Mr Putin made Mr Erdogan wait for nearly two minutes at a meeting in 2020.
