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Geography is dictating politics in Europe’s tug-of-war over energy, with landlocked nations who cannot look to the sea to replace Russian fuel supplies seeking “time and money” to find alternatives.
After weeks of diplomatic stalemate, the European Union’s 27 leaders will seek a breakthrough at talks on Monday on how to phase out dependency on Russian fossil fuels ― after the war in Ukraine sparked a scramble to stop wiring money to President Vladimir Putin and defuse one of his main geopolitical weapons.
To that end, the EU has signed a deal with the US to deliver liquid gas by sea, Germany is looking to the Gulf to fill the terminals hurriedly being built on its coast, and four nations plan to fill the North Sea with wind turbines. Greece sees an opportunity to ship energy from across the Mediterranean.
But all these initiatives rely on exploiting Europe’s waters, which is of little use for the inland countries who have for years relied on Russian pipelines to make up for their geographical disadvantage. Several officials have identified landlocked countries as a central issue in the talks.
A proposed EU embargo on Russian oil, which needs approval from all 27 EU nations, has languished in diplomatic committees for weeks ― to the growing frustration of Ukraine as the war nears 100 days of fighting. Soaring fuel prices have led to concerns over whether any sanctions could be sustained.
The question of oil sanctions are expected to be put on the back burner at next week's talks as leaders discuss proposals for a wider energy revamp known as RePower EU, which calls for import-dependent countries to find a way around Russia before 2030.
Five EU countries are landlocked. Of these, Hungary is the main holdout against oil sanctions while the Czech Republic and Slovakia have asked for more time. Austria initially opposed an embargo but now says it can live with one, while small Luxembourg gets most of its gas from Norway.
Hungary, whose Prime Minister Viktor Orban has long been regarded as the EU’s most Kremlin-friendly leader, is the most outspoken critic of sanctions. Like a number of its neighbours, Hungary has until now sourced most of its fossil fuels from Russia.
Mr Orban has compared the effect of an oil embargo with a nuclear bomb being dropped on his country, and his government wants sanctions on pipelines to be dropped altogether and any ban to apply only to shipping.
In a letter to European Council president Charles Michel, Mr Orban said leaders should avoid tackling oil sanctions at all in their meeting on Monday and Tuesday, a source close to the talks said.
“If we all look at the map in Europe, and we are looking for the blue colours which are the sea … for us, this challenge is completely different,” said Judith Varga, Hungary’s justice minister, at preparatory talks in Brussels this week.
Officials from the Czech Republic and Slovakia distance themselves from Mr Orban by saying they favour an oil embargo in principle, but say they cannot be expected to make it happen overnight. Unlike Hungary, the Czech and Slovak governments have sent military aid to Ukraine.
Several countries have asked for a transition period to phase out their reliance on Russian fossil fuels, with Slovakian diplomats asking for three years in talks among EU ambassadors and Hungary saying it would need five.
Slovakia, which lies on a transit route from Russia, will go to next week’s summit with a request for its neighbours to show solidarity by helping with energy supplies and providing funds to upgrade its oil infrastructure.
Some European countries, including Hungary but also coastal ones such as Germany and Italy, were caught out by having oil refineries that are set up specifically to handle Russian crude and cannot switch over straight away.
“Solidarity will also imply investment,” one EU official told The National. “We are aware of the fact that not all the pipelines and pipes transporting oil are suitable enough.
“We are now just trying to find ways how to do it and when to do it, so Russia will be hurt more than us. This change will require time and money.”
Another diplomat said it was no use for Europe to weaken its economy at a time when it is trying to fund Ukraine’s resistance and maintain pressure on Russia to call off its troops.
However, bringing the flow in oil pipelines to a standstill might have the benefit of causing problems for Russia’s production facilities and weakening one of its most lucrative sectors, they said.
In the meantime, Europeans are being urged to save energy as countries try to save fuel for next winter. Germany is poised to put condemned coal plants on standby in case Russia cuts off gas pipelines.
The Czech Republic is scrambling to increase its energy production after a new government took office last year, replacing billionaire prime minister Andrej Babis, who had played down concerns about energy reliance on Russia.
The new administration wants to reopen discussions on an energy connector with Poland known as Stork II, which received EU funding but was put on ice by Mr Babis, leading to mutterings about his business interests.
But Prague too is seeking a three-year grace period to implement the sixth sanctions package, which has stalled in committees for almost a month after the five previous rounds were waved through in record time.
Bulgaria, which does have a Black Sea coast but had its gas supplies cut off by Russia last month, also said it wants special treatment in any oil embargo.
Hungary did not block a coal embargo as part of the fifth package. But oil sanctions have proved the most difficult issue yet, and there has been no formal move to venture further into gas.
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Service members of pro-Russian troops drive a tank past a destroyed residential building in the town of Popasna in the Luhansk region, Ukraine. Reuters -
Smoke and dirt rise from the city of Severodonetsk during shelling in the eastern Ukrainian region of Donbas. AFP -
Russian soldiers Alexander Alexeevich Ivanov and Alexander Vladimirovich Bobykin, left, attend their trial hearing in Kotelva, northeastern Ukraine. AP Photo -
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, right, meets with Finnish Prime Minister Sanna Marin in Kyiv, Ukraine. AP -
A man drives a GAZ-21 Volga car past a damaged building in Kharkiv, eastern Ukraine, on the 92nd day of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. AFP -
Public transit workers sweep up shrapnel in Kharkiv, Ukraine. Getty Images -
Pro-Russian troops inspect an AT4 anti-tank launcher outside the town of Svitlodarsk in the Donetsk region, Ukraine. Reuters -
People inspect destroyed Russian tanks and armoured vehicles in Irpin, Ukraine. Getty Images -
A local resident pets a cat next to a destroyed house in Vilkhivka village, near Kharkiv, Ukraine. AFP -
The remains of a school in Vilkhivka village, near Kharkiv. AFP -
Widow and daughter of Andriy Vertiev, a Ukrainian serviceman, killed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, attend his funeral at Lychakiv cemetery, Lviv, Ukraine. AFP -
Russian serviceman Vadim Shishimarin, centre, leaves a court hearing in Kyiv. EPA -
Kateryna Shelikhova, widow of Oleksandr Shelipov, 62, who was shot dead by a Russian soldier. Reuters -
A child plays against a backdrop of buildings ruined by shelling in Borodyanka, Ukraine. AP -
A Ukrainian woman in the basement of a building used as bomb shelter in Soledar, Donetsk region. AP -
Residents live in a subway station used as temporary shelter in Kharkiv. AP -
Men with salvageable material from damaged buildings after Russian bombing in Bakhmut, eastern Ukraine. AP -
A cuddly toy adorns a destroyed Russian battle tank near damaged homes in Hostomel, Ukraine. Getty Images -
A mortar explodes next to a road leading to the city of Lysychansk, in the eastern Ukrainian region of Donbas. AFP -
A Ukrainian army vehicle moves towards the front line at a checkpoint near Lysychansk. AFP -
A boy looks at flags honouring soldiers killed while fighting Russian troops, in Kyiv city centre. AP -
A mannequin with a fake gun is placed as bait on a roadside in the Nord Saltivka district of Kharkiv. EPA -
A man looks at a destroyed Russian tank placed as a symbol of war, in central Kyiv. AP -
Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy on a screen at the opening ceremony for the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Reuters -
Smoke billows from an oil refinery after an attack outside the city of Lysychansk, in the eastern Ukrainian region of Donbas. AFP -
A woman walks by a destroyed apartment building in Bakhmut, Donbas region. AFP -
An elderly woman stands inside her heavily damaged house after it was hit by a missile in Bakhmut. AFP -
A mother with her daughter sit inside a bus as they leave Bakhmut. AFP -
A Ukrainian soldier prepares coffee as he takes a break near an artillery position in the breakaway enclave of Donetsk, in the Donbas region. Reuters -
A Ukrainian soldier exercises near Donetsk. Reuters -
A woman displaced by incessant Russian shelling leaves a metro station where people had been living underground for months in Kharkiv, Ukraine. Getty -
A heavily damaged home spa near Ruski Tyshky village in Ukraine. Getty -
The wreckage of a Ukrainian military helicopter is transported in Kharkiv. Getty -
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Polish President Andrzej Duda in Kyiv. EPA -
Two Ukrainian national guard soldiers pay their respects at a cemetery in Kharkiv. AP -
A man pushes a wheelbarrow past a heavily damaged apartment building near Azovstal Iron and Steel Works in Mariupol. Reuters -
The burnt out shells of cars in a residential area near Azovstal Iron and Steel Works in Mariupol. Reuters -
Pro-Russian troops drive a tank in Ukraine's Donetsk region. Reuters -
A Russian soldier takes a break during an operation to demine the territory of Azovstal steel plant in Mariupol. Reuters -
Relatives and friends attend the funeral of a Ukrainian soldier killed in action, in the Odessa region city of Rozdilna. EPA -
Ukrainians wearing traditional clothing listen to their national anthem as they take part in the celebration of 'Vyshyvanka Day', an annual celebration of Ukrainian folk traditions, in Athens. AFP
Some diplomats have expressed sympathy with the position of landlocked countries. But Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelenskyy made his frustration clear in an overnight address on Thursday, saying that “every day of delay, weakness, various disputes … is new killed Ukrainians”.
“Where did those who block the sixth package get so much power?,” he said. “Why are they still allowed to have so much power?”.
Although that view has supporters in the EU who would like to remove Hungary’s veto, such as France’s President Emmanuel Macron, the necessary treaty changes would be a long and fractious process that typically takes many years.
Some Ukrainian politicians have gone further by suggesting that Mr Orban’s hand could be forced by switching off the Druzhba pipeline that connects Russia to Hungary via Ukraine.
But in the meantime, Hungary is sticking to its guns and demanding that energy supply be guaranteed for a country that cannot rely on the ocean, Ms Varga said. “These are physical, mathematical facts.”
