Bodies point to reprisal killings by Malian forces

The bodies of men believed to have been summarily executed by Malian forces have been found buried in the side of a dune less than a mile outside of Timbuktu.

Ani Boka Arby watches and weeps as the body of her husband, Mohamed Lamine is unearthed near Timbuktu.

TIMBUKTU, Mali // The bodies are buried here, in the side of a dune less than a mile outside this desert capital, dumped out of sight in a forgotten and uninhabited zone.

Except the wind undressed the grave.

It threw off the blanket of yellow sand to reveal a white piece of clothing. Soon the children of the shepherds who spend their days roaming the dunes with their flocks began talking about the two men buried there.

By the time journalists were led to the shallow grave 11 days after the two were last seen, the desert dwellers knew their entire biography: their names, their professions, the fact that they had been arrested by Malian soldiers on the same day that the French took control of Timbuktu from Islamic extremists. Most importantly, they knew their ethnic group - both were Arab.

Their deaths, as pieced together from interviews with family members, residents and witnesses, as well as from an examination of the bodies, strongly suggest the two were summarily executed by Malian forces, in reprisal against the city's Arab minority.

Ever since Al Qaeda-linked extremists seized control of Mali's northern half last year, the international community has discussed launching a military intervention to free the occupied territory. For nearly as long, the United Nations - as well as the United States - has urged caution, in part over worries that Mali's abuse-prone military could carry out acts of revenge against the ethnic minorities that were associated with the extremists - including Arabs.

Despite these warnings, France unilaterally launched a military operation exactly one month ago to take back the north, after the Al Qaeda-linked fighters began pushing south. The French swept through northern villages and towns, accompanied by Malian army troops, and liberated Timbuktu on January 28.

It was about 10 that morning, as French troops in armoured personnel carriers were still basking in the cheers of the crowds welcoming them, that Malian soldiers in pickup trucks sped up to the Nour El Moubin Madrassa, a Quranic school. The headmaster of the school was a longtime Arab resident of Timbuktu, Mohamed Lamine. He was wearing a white boubou, a flowing robe like those worn to the mosque by the Wahhabi, an ultraconservative sect accused of supporting the extremists.

His young wife was just returning from running an errand when she saw about six soldiers leading away her husband and a close friend, Mohamed Tidiane, a businessman who sold carpets.

"I saw they had bandaged his eyes," said Ani Bokar Arby, Lamine's wife. "Since that day, we haven't seen him."

Arabs and Tuaregs make up less than 15 per cent of Mali's population of 16 million, and most of them live in the north, according to estimates by the US State Department. While they have lived in Mali peacefully for years, activists fear that they will now be targeted by those seeking retaliation for the extremists' occupation.

In the first three weeks of the military intervention that began on January 11, Human Rights Watch documented the summary executions of at least 13 suspected of supporting the radicals, and the disappearance of five others.

In the group's report, published last week, witnesses described soldiers at a bus station in Sevare detaining passengers suspected of association with the rebels. The soldiers drove or marched the men to a nearby field, shot them and dumped their bodies into four wells, according to the witnesses.

On the day her husband was arrested, Ms Arby, who had been married for just four months, ran to her parents' house. Although everyone seemed to know the location of her husband's grave, she had not ventured there because she was afraid of the soldiers. A team of Associated Press reporters offered to take her there.

Ms Arby and her parents left early on Friday, carrying a shovel. When the car could not pass, they got out and padded across the dune. They walked in silence until they reached a spot marked by desert grasses.

At the point where the dune met the plain, they saw a rise in the sand - and a piece of white cloth poking through. They scraped away a bit of the dune, and saw the folds of a man's robe, the long kind that covers the torso.

Bokar Faradji, the wife's father, climbed down with the shovel.

The young woman seemed to fold inward. She sat down on the lip of the dune and pulled her veil around her face. When the body began to emerge, she said she recognised her husband's robe. When she saw his black trousers, she began to sob.

"Be strong," said her father.

Gently, he scraped away the sand near the corpse's head. Tufts of hair appeared. Then a bullet fell out of the sand. The father picked it up, and threw it back.

Mohamed Lamine, a man in his 50s, was lying face down in the dune. His friend, the carpet seller, lay near by.

A spokesman for the Malian military in Timbuktu, Capt Samba Coulibaly, declined to answer questions about the discovery of the body. "I don't know anything about it," he said.

Residents say it is possible Lamine had ties to the Islamist rebels, who imposed their brutal, unyielding form of Islam on the relatively moderate Muslim culture that has long been the norm in this Saharan nation. His family does not deny he was related to an Ansar Dine leader, but claims Lamine was not part of the armed group.

"On Monday, when he was taken away, my daughter came running home to tell me that her husband had been arrested," Ms Arby's father said as he stood over his son-in-law's grave. "I told her not to worry, be strong. Because if he has done something wrong, we have courts, and he will be judged. I believe in our system of justice. I believe in the army of Mali."

"Now I don't know what to do," he said. "What should I say? What should I tell my daughter who has tears streaming down her face?"