Live updates: Follow the latest on Trump's Gulf trip
The relationship between the US and Saudi Arabia is as old as the kingdom itself.
Even before King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud established the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932, the US had joined the UK in extending diplomatic recognition to the new ruler.
The heart of the relationship was oil, with the world realising fossil fuels would drive 20th-century economies, and with Saudi Arabia an expected source of vast reserves.
A year later, in 1933, a concession agreement was signed between Standard Oil of California and Saudi Arabia to create the California Arabian Standard Oil Company.
Oil was discovered in 1938, with the venture renamed Aramco, or the Arab American Oil Company, and in 1988, Saudi Aramco, now one of the largest and wealthiest companies in the world.
Although Saudi Arabia remained neutral during all but the last months of the Second World War, bombing attacks by Fascist Italy on targets in the Arabian Gulf led Washington to become increasingly concerned about the vulnerability of such a strategic economic asset.
By 1943, US President Franklin Roosevelt was offering King Abdulaziz military assistance, which was formalised in an agreement signed by the two leaders in 1945 on an American warship moored in the Suez Canal.
Long-standing ties
The deal would see the US provide military protection for Saudi Arabia, with American oil supplies guaranteed in return. The creation of this long-standing security agreement began with the training of Saudi troops and the establishment of American airbases in the kingdom. In 1963, US President John F Kennedy sent a squadron of fighter jets to protect Saudi Arabia from attacks by Yemen during its civil war.
Washington and Riyadh have long shared similar concerns about global and regional stability and the dangers of extremism, whether political or religious. The influence of the Soviet Union in the Gulf topped the list in the 1960s and 1970s, to be replaced by the rise of groups including Al Qaeda and ISIS in more recent decades.
The fall of the Shah of Iran in 1979 caused the US to lose its other main regional ally, with military aid significantly increased to Saudi Arabia. This was despite tension created by American support of Israel during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, when an oil embargo was declared by Opec on the US, and petrol prices surged.
One aspect of the embargo, and the rapid rise of oil prices, was that Saudi Arabia’s income rose steeply, and when the embargo was lifted the following March, the kingdom embarked on a major purchase of weapons, worth $2 billion to American companies.
The relationship has endured despite challenges such as America’s close relationship with Israel, which led the US Congress to vote against arms sales to Saudi Arabia several times in the 1980s.
The First Gulf War that followed the invasion of Kuwait in 1990 led King Fahd to authorise the posting of more than 600,000 US troops to Saudi Arabia. While Kuwait was swiftly liberated, the arrangement saw increasing discontent among extremists, including Osama bin Laden, who had fled to Taliban-controlled Afghanistan to establish a global terrorist network, with the US and Saudi Arabia as its targets.
21st-century relations
This came to a head on September 11, 2001, when it emerged that 15 of the 19 hijackers responsible for the worst terrorist attack on American soil were from Saudi Arabia.
The complexity of Saudi-US relations was illustrated when prominent Saudi citizens, unconnected with the attacks, were allowed to return home despite the closure of American airspace and the hostility of many ordinary Americans towards the kingdom.
The attacks by Al Qaeda underlined the importance of the relationship between the two countries and the joint threat they shared, strengthened by a series of terrorist incidents inside Saudi Arabia.
The nuclear deal reached with Iran by Barack Obama, US president at the time, saw the relationship with Washington weaken over concerns about Tehran's regional ambitions, but ties were strengthened during the first term of Donald Trump and the reaffirmation of America’s desire for joint security and economic co-operation.
In 2017, Mr Trump made Riyadh his first stop overseas after becoming president, where he touched a glowing orb to launch Saudi Arabia’s new Global Centre for Combating Extremist Ideology.
The war in Gaza has been another test, with the high civilian death toll during Israel’s onslaught on the enclave, effectively ending any prospect of Saudi Arabia joining the Abraham Accords brokered by Mr Trump during his first term.
Mr Trump's decision to revisit Riyadh so early in his second term is a reminder that, after nearly a century, the relationship with Saudi Arabia remains important to Washington.
RESULTS
Light Flyweight (48kg): Alua Balkibekova (KAZ) beat Gulasal Sultonalieva (UZB) by points 4-1.
Flyweight (51kg): Nazym Kyzaibay (KAZ) beat Mary Kom (IND) 3-2.
Bantamweight (54kg): Dina Zholaman (KAZ) beat Sitora Shogdarova (UZB) 3-2.
Featherweight (57kg): Sitora Turdibekova (UZB) beat Vladislava Kukhta (KAZ) 5-0.
Lightweight (60kg): Rimma Volossenko (KAZ) beat Huswatun Hasanah (INA) KO round-1.
Light Welterweight (64kg): Milana Safronova (KAZ) beat Lalbuatsaihi (IND) 3-2.
Welterweight (69kg): Valentina Khalzova (KAZ) beat Navbakhor Khamidova (UZB) 5-0
Middleweight (75kg): Pooja Rani (IND) beat Mavluda Movlonova (UZB) 5-0.
Light Heavyweight (81kg): Farida Sholtay (KAZ) beat Ruzmetova Sokhiba (UZB) 5-0.
Heavyweight (81 kg): Lazzat Kungeibayeva (KAZ) beat Anupama (IND) 3-2.
UAE WARRIORS RESULTS
Featherweight
Azouz Anwar (EGY) beat Marcelo Pontes (BRA)
TKO round 2
Catchweight 90kg
Moustafa Rashid Nada (KSA) beat Imad Al Howayeck (LEB)
Split points decision
Welterweight
Gimbat Ismailov (RUS) beat Mohammed Al Khatib (JOR)
TKO round 1
Flyweight (women)
Lucie Bertaud (FRA) beat Kelig Pinson (BEL)
Unanimous points decision
Lightweight
Alexandru Chitoran (ROU) beat Regelo Enumerables Jr (PHI)
TKO round 1
Catchweight 100kg
Marc Vleiger (NED) beat Mohamed Ali (EGY)
Rear neck choke round 1
Featherweight
James Bishop (NZ) beat Mark Valerio (PHI)
TKO round 2
Welterweight
Abdelghani Saber (EGY) beat Gerson Carvalho (BRA)
TKO round 1
Middleweight
Bakhtiyar Abbasov (AZE) beat Igor Litoshik (BLR)
Unanimous points decision
Bantamweight
Fabio Mello (BRA) beat Mark Alcoba (PHI)
Unanimous points decision
Welterweight
Ahmed Labban (LEB) v Magomedsultan Magomedsultanov (RUS)
TKO round 1
Bantamweight
Trent Girdham (AUS) beat Jayson Margallo (PHI)
TKO round 3
Lightweight
Usman Nurmagomedov (RUS) beat Roman Golovinov (UKR)
TKO round 1
Middleweight
Tarek Suleiman (SYR) beat Steve Kennedy (AUS)
Submission round 2
Lightweight
Dan Moret (USA) v Anton Kuivanen (FIN)
TKO round 2
Wicked: For Good
Director: Jon M Chu
Starring: Ariana Grande, Cynthia Erivo, Jonathan Bailey, Jeff Goldblum, Michelle Yeoh, Ethan Slater
Rating: 4/5
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Stuck in a job without a pay rise? Here's what to do
Chris Greaves, the managing director of Hays Gulf Region, says those without a pay rise for an extended period must start asking questions – both of themselves and their employer.
“First, are they happy with that or do they want more?” he says. “Job-seeking is a time-consuming, frustrating and long-winded affair so are they prepared to put themselves through that rigmarole? Before they consider that, they must ask their employer what is happening.”
Most employees bring up pay rise queries at their annual performance appraisal and find out what the company has in store for them from a career perspective.
Those with no formal appraisal system, Mr Greaves says, should ask HR or their line manager for an assessment.
“You want to find out how they value your contribution and where your job could go,” he says. “You’ve got to be brave enough to ask some questions and if you don’t like the answers then you have to develop a strategy or change jobs if you are prepared to go through the job-seeking process.”
For those that do reach the salary negotiation with their current employer, Mr Greaves says there is no point in asking for less than 5 per cent.
“However, this can only really have any chance of success if you can identify where you add value to the business (preferably you can put a monetary value on it), or you can point to a sustained contribution above the call of duty or to other achievements you think your employer will value.”
Karwaan
Producer: Ronnie Screwvala
Director: Akarsh Khurana
Starring: Irrfan Khan, Dulquer Salmaan, Mithila Palkar
Rating: 4/5
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Salah in numbers
€39 million: Liverpool agreed a fee, including add-ons, in the region of €39m (nearly Dh176m) to sign Salah from Roma last year. The exchange rate at the time meant that cost the Reds £34.3m - a bargain given his performances since.
13: The 25-year-old player was not a complete stranger to the Premier League when he arrived at Liverpool this summer. However, during his previous stint at Chelsea, he made just 13 Premier League appearances, seven of which were off the bench, and scored only twice.
57: It was in the 57th minute of his Liverpool bow when Salah opened his account for the Reds in the 3-3 draw with Watford back in August. The Egyptian prodded the ball over the line from close range after latching onto Roberto Firmino's attempted lob.
7: Salah's best scoring streak of the season occurred between an FA Cup tie against West Brom on January 27 and a Premier League win over Newcastle on March 3. He scored for seven games running in all competitions and struck twice against Tottenham.
3: This season Salah became the first player in Premier League history to win the player of the month award three times during a term. He was voted as the division's best player in November, February and March.
40: Salah joined Roger Hunt and Ian Rush as the only players in Liverpool's history to have scored 40 times in a single season when he headed home against Bournemouth at Anfield earlier this month.
30: The goal against Bournemouth ensured the Egyptian achieved another milestone in becoming the first African player to score 30 times across one Premier League campaign.
8: As well as his fine form in England, Salah has also scored eight times in the tournament phase of this season's Champions League. Only Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo, with 15 to his credit, has found the net more often in the group stages and knockout rounds of Europe's premier club competition.
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At Eternity’s Gate
Director: Julian Schnabel
Starring: Willem Dafoe, Oscar Isaacs, Mads Mikkelsen
Three stars
Developer: Ubisoft Montreal / Ubisoft Toronto
Publisher: Ubisoft
Platforms: Playstation 4, Xbox One, Windows
Release Date: April 10
Skewed figures
In the village of Mevagissey in southwest England the housing stock has doubled in the last century while the number of residents is half the historic high. The village's Neighbourhood Development Plan states that 26% of homes are holiday retreats. Prices are high, averaging around £300,000, £50,000 more than the Cornish average of £250,000. The local average wage is £15,458.
What's in the deal?
Agreement aims to boost trade by £25.5bn a year in the long run, compared with a total of £42.6bn in 2024
India will slash levies on medical devices, machinery, cosmetics, soft drinks and lamb.
India will also cut automotive tariffs to 10% under a quota from over 100% currently.
Indian employees in the UK will receive three years exemption from social security payments
India expects 99% of exports to benefit from zero duty, raising opportunities for textiles, marine products, footwear and jewellery
The President's Cake
Director: Hasan Hadi
Starring: Baneen Ahmad Nayyef, Waheed Thabet Khreibat, Sajad Mohamad Qasem
Rating: 4/5
The smuggler
Eldarir had arrived at JFK in January 2020 with three suitcases, containing goods he valued at $300, when he was directed to a search area.
Officers found 41 gold artefacts among the bags, including amulets from a funerary set which prepared the deceased for the afterlife.
Also found was a cartouche of a Ptolemaic king on a relief that was originally part of a royal building or temple.
The largest single group of items found in Eldarir’s cases were 400 shabtis, or figurines.
Khouli conviction
Khouli smuggled items into the US by making false declarations to customs about the country of origin and value of the items.
According to Immigration and Customs Enforcement, he provided “false provenances which stated that [two] Egyptian antiquities were part of a collection assembled by Khouli's father in Israel in the 1960s” when in fact “Khouli acquired the Egyptian antiquities from other dealers”.
He was sentenced to one year of probation, six months of home confinement and 200 hours of community service in 2012 after admitting buying and smuggling Egyptian antiquities, including coffins, funerary boats and limestone figures.
For sale
A number of other items said to come from the collection of Ezeldeen Taha Eldarir are currently or recently for sale.
Their provenance is described in near identical terms as the British Museum shabti: bought from Salahaddin Sirmali, "authenticated and appraised" by Hossen Rashed, then imported to the US in 1948.
- An Egyptian Mummy mask dating from 700BC-30BC, is on offer for £11,807 ($15,275) online by a seller in Mexico
- A coffin lid dating back to 664BC-332BC was offered for sale by a Colorado-based art dealer, with a starting price of $65,000
- A shabti that was on sale through a Chicago-based coin dealer, dating from 1567BC-1085BC, is up for $1,950
