• A Bedouin nomad woman wearing traditional clothes herd sheep and cows next to her tent during a stay along the highway road, which leads to the capital city of Cairo, on Egypt's Nile Delta province of Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt February 9, 2022. Picture taken February 9, 2022. REUTERS/Hadeer Mahmoud NO RESALES. NO ARCHIVES.
    A Bedouin nomad woman wearing traditional clothes herd sheep and cows next to her tent during a stay along the highway road, which leads to the capital city of Cairo, on Egypt's Nile Delta province of Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt February 9, 2022. Picture taken February 9, 2022. REUTERS/Hadeer Mahmoud NO RESALES. NO ARCHIVES.
  • The El Dawaghra comprise more than 300 families of livestock herders who for generations have wandered the land as nomads, resisting the urge to settle like many other Bedouin tribes.
    The El Dawaghra comprise more than 300 families of livestock herders who for generations have wandered the land as nomads, resisting the urge to settle like many other Bedouin tribes.
  • Although they have identification papers, they otherwise live outside the boundaries of Egypt's vast bureaucracy, neither sending their children to public schools nor benefiting from the state food subsidy system.
    Although they have identification papers, they otherwise live outside the boundaries of Egypt's vast bureaucracy, neither sending their children to public schools nor benefiting from the state food subsidy system.
  • Bedouin children herd sheep in the Nile Delta province of Kafr El Sheikh.
    Bedouin children herd sheep in the Nile Delta province of Kafr El Sheikh.
  • Mariam, a Bedouin nomad grandmother born in 1913, rests in her tent during a stay along a road leading to Cairo.
    Mariam, a Bedouin nomad grandmother born in 1913, rests in her tent during a stay along a road leading to Cairo.
  • The tribe cannot afford routine medical care, relying on public hospitals if children fall sick.
    The tribe cannot afford routine medical care, relying on public hospitals if children fall sick.
  • Taking a break next to a canal after herding sheep and cows.
    Taking a break next to a canal after herding sheep and cows.
  • A Bedouin nomad woman looks out from her tent.
    A Bedouin nomad woman looks out from her tent.
  • Elsayed Abuhamed, (L) with other Bedouin nomads in the Nile Delta province of Kafr El Sheikh.
    Elsayed Abuhamed, (L) with other Bedouin nomads in the Nile Delta province of Kafr El Sheikh.
  • A Bedouin woman squeezes tomatoes by hand for a family lunch.
    A Bedouin woman squeezes tomatoes by hand for a family lunch.
  • Eman, 13, milks cows near her tent.
    Eman, 13, milks cows near her tent.
  • A Bedouin family gather around a fire after a heavy rainstorm.
    A Bedouin family gather around a fire after a heavy rainstorm.
  • Thanaa Abeda with her children in a tent in Kafr El Sheikh.
    Thanaa Abeda with her children in a tent in Kafr El Sheikh.
  • Bedouin nomad Safa, 15.
    Bedouin nomad Safa, 15.

Bedouin nomads in the Nile Delta - in pictures


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Uefa Champions League semi-finals, first leg
Liverpool v Roma

When: April 24, 10.45pm kick-off (UAE)
Where: Anfield, Liverpool
Live: BeIN Sports HD
Second leg: May 2, Stadio Olimpico, Rome

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Ten tax points to be aware of in 2026

1. Domestic VAT refund amendments: request your refund within five years

If a business does not apply for the refund on time, they lose their credit.

2. E-invoicing in the UAE

Businesses should continue preparing for the implementation of e-invoicing in the UAE, with 2026 a preparation and transition period ahead of phased mandatory adoption. 

3. More tax audits

Tax authorities are increasingly using data already available across multiple filings to identify audit risks. 

4. More beneficial VAT and excise tax penalty regime

Tax disputes are expected to become more frequent and more structured, with clearer administrative objection and appeal processes. The UAE has adopted a new penalty regime for VAT and excise disputes, which now mirrors the penalty regime for corporate tax.

5. Greater emphasis on statutory audit

There is a greater need for the accuracy of financial statements. The International Financial Reporting Standards standards need to be strictly adhered to and, as a result, the quality of the audits will need to increase.

6. Further transfer pricing enforcement

Transfer pricing enforcement, which refers to the practice of establishing prices for internal transactions between related entities, is expected to broaden in scope. The UAE will shortly open the possibility to negotiate advance pricing agreements, or essentially rulings for transfer pricing purposes. 

7. Limited time periods for audits

Recent amendments also introduce a default five-year limitation period for tax audits and assessments, subject to specific statutory exceptions. While the standard audit and assessment period is five years, this may be extended to up to 15 years in cases involving fraud or tax evasion. 

8. Pillar 2 implementation 

Many multinational groups will begin to feel the practical effect of the Domestic Minimum Top-Up Tax (DMTT), the UAE's implementation of the OECD’s global minimum tax under Pillar 2. While the rules apply for financial years starting on or after January 1, 2025, it is 2026 that marks the transition to an operational phase.

9. Reduced compliance obligations for imported goods and services

Businesses that apply the reverse-charge mechanism for VAT purposes in the UAE may benefit from reduced compliance obligations. 

10. Substance and CbC reporting focus

Tax authorities are expected to continue strengthening the enforcement of economic substance and Country-by-Country (CbC) reporting frameworks. In the UAE, these regimes are increasingly being used as risk-assessment tools, providing tax authorities with a comprehensive view of multinational groups’ global footprints and enabling them to assess whether profits are aligned with real economic activity. 

Contributed by Thomas Vanhee and Hend Rashwan, Aurifer

Updated: March 02, 2022, 9:46 AM