Archaeologists in southern Iraq have uncovered the remains of a tavern dating back nearly 5,000 years which they hope will illuminate the lives of ordinary people in the world's first cities.
The US-Italian team made the find in the ruins of ancient Lagash, north-east of the modern city of Nasiriyah, which was known to have been one of the first urban centres of the Sumerian civilisation of ancient Iraq.
The joint team from the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Pisa discovered the remains of a primitive refrigeration system, a large oven, benches for diners and about 150 serving bowls.
Fish and animal bones were found in the bowls, alongside evidence of beer drinking, which was widespread among the Sumerians.
“So we've got the refrigerator, we've got the hundreds of vessels ready to be served, benches where people would sit … and behind the refrigerator is an oven that would have been used … for cooking food,” project director Holly Pittman told AFP.
“What we understand this thing to be is a place where people ― regular people ― could come to eat and that is not domestic,” she said.
“We call it a tavern because beer is by far the most common drink, even more than water, for the Sumerians,” she said, adding that in one of the temples excavated in the area “there was a beer recipe found on a cuneiform tablet”.
Archaeological expeditions return to Iraq — in pictures
-
Members of a French-Iraqi archaeological expedition work on a dig at the site of the Sumerian city-state of Larsa, in the Qatiaah area of Iraq's southern province of Dhi Qar near the city of Nasiriyah. All images by AFP -
Workers use an old rail cart to carry material as they take part in a German-Iraqi archaeological expedition to restore the white temple of Anu in the Warka (ancient Uruk) site in Iraq's Muthanna province. -
After a conflict-imposed absence of decades, European archaeologists are making an enthusiastic return to Iraq to discover more of its millennia-old cultural treasures. -
A worker makes traditional clay bricks. -
A worker transports traditionally made clay bricks during a German-Iraqi archaeological expedition in Iraq. -
Workers take part in the German-Iraqi archaeological dig in Iraq's Muthanna province. -
Workers excavate the site of the Sumerian city-state of Larsa, in the Qatiaah area of Iraq's southern province of Dhi Qar. -
Archaeologist Regis Vallet, who leads a French-Iraqi expedition team, works at the site of the Sumerian city-state of Larsa. -
Members of a French-Iraqi archaeological expedition excavate at the site of the Sumerian city-state of Larsa. -
Martin Sebastian Gussone from the German Archaeological Institute reviews his notes in the early morning at Iraq's ancient site of Al-Hirah, about 25 kilometres south of Najaf. -
A worker mixes clay and wheat stalks to make traditional bricks during a German-Iraqi archaeological expedition. -
After a conflict-imposed absence of decades, European archaeologists are making an enthusiastic return to Iraq to discover more of its millennia-old cultural treasures. -
German archaeologist Margarete Van Ess inspects an artefact in the Warka (ancient Uruk) site in Iraq's Muthanna province. -
European archaeologists are returning to Iraq to discover more of its millennia-old cultural treasures. -
Members of a French-Iraqi archaeological expedition excavate at the site of the Sumerian city-state of Larsa, in the Qatiaah area of Iraq's southern province of Dhi Qar. -
Members of a German-Iraqi archaeological expedition set up geophysical survey equipment at Iraq's ancient site of Al-Hirah, about 25 kilometres south of Najaf. -
Members of a French-Iraqi archaeological expedition work on a dig. -
Workers take part in a German-Iraqi archaeological expedition to restore the white temple of Anu in the Warka (ancient Uruk) site in Iraq's Muthanna prvoince. -
Members of a German-Iraqi archaeological expedition work on restoring the white temple of Anu in the Warka (ancient Uruk) site in Iraq's Muthanna prvoince. -
Iraqi archaeologists and workers use traditionally-made clay bricks as they take part in a German-Iraqi archaeological expedition to restore the white temple of Anu in the Warka (ancient Uruk) site in Iraq's Muthanna proinvce. -
Ibrahim Salman of the German Archaeological Institute works at Iraq's ancient site of Al-Hirah.
The world's first cities developed in what is now southern Iraq after agricultural surpluses from the domestication of the first crops allowed the emergence of new social classes not engaged directly in food production.
The Lagash area, close to the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, was called the “garden of the gods” by the ancients for its fertility and gave rise to a string of Sumerian cities dating back to the early dynastic period.
“Lagash was one of the important cities of southern Iraq,” Iraqi archaeologist Baker Azab Wali told AFP, after working with the US-Italian team on the site.
“Its inhabitants depended on agriculture, livestock, fishing, but also on the exchange of goods,” he said.
Ms Pittman said the team was eager to learn more about the occupations of the people who used the tavern in its heyday around 2700BC, to throw new light on the social structure of the first cities.
A detailed analysis would need to be carried out on the samples taken during the excavations the team completed in November.
“There is so much that we do not know about this early period of the emergence of cities and that is what we are investigating,” she said.
“We hope to be able to characterise the neighbourhoods and the kinds of occupation … of the people that lived in this big city who were not the elite,” she added.
“Most of the work done at the other sites focuses on kings and priests. And that is all very important but the regular people are also important.”
