Cop28's success will depend on curbing global temperature increases, analysts say

Firm commitments at next year's event in the UAE are crucial for climate-change progress

Although a milestone announcement on loss and damage was agreed upon at Cop27 in Sharm El Sheikh, the event has been seen by some as disappointing in terms of efforts to limit emissions. AFP

Climate change experts have said that Cop28 in the UAE will be crucial if progress is to be made in limiting global temperature rises.

While a milestone announcement on loss and damage compensation was agreed upon at Cop27 in Egypt, more could have been done in terms of efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions, some analysts said.

An absence of progress on previous commitments to phase down coal, and what have been described as loopholes that allow the exploitation of new gas resources, are among the issues climate advocates have highlighted.

The experts say this makes the 28th Conference of the Parties, scheduled to run for about two weeks at Expo City Dubai in November 2023, all the more important.

The emissions curve, which keeps going up and up and up, has to be bent downwards and there’s no real progress in bending it downwards

Asher Minns,
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research

Niklas Hoehne, founder of the NewClimate Institute for Climate Policy and Global Sustainability, a think tank in Germany, said Cop27 had shown little progress compared to Cop26, which was staged in Glasgow, Scotland late last year.

“With Glasgow, the UK presidency did a big effort to get countries on board; they made a big diplomatic initiative,” Mr Hoehne said.

“They [brought in] initiatives for coal phase-out and gas, which committed to a significant step forward. This year, the Egyptian presidency did none of this and nothing happened with mitigation. There are no new proposals.”

Looking to Cop28

As a result, he said Cop28, to be held under the presidency of the UAE, was all the more important if there was not going to be backsliding on efforts to stem global temperature rises.

“Glasgow was a small step, but we need that step each year at each climate conference. This has not happened this year but it definitely needs to happen next year.”

Echoing this, Bob Ward, of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, part of the London School of Economics, said that any ambition to take significant measures to reduce carbon emissions “is just not there at the moment”.

The Kuwait Towers are shrouded amid a sandstorm. The world has seen more extreme weather in the past decade, with the Gulf witnessing cyclones, flooding and extreme heat. EPA

A formerly sunken boat sits upright on the shore of Lake Mead, Nevada, where water levels have dropped. EPA

Homes surrounded by floodwater in Pakistan's south-western Baluchistan province earlier this year. AP Photo

Steam rises from a coal-fired power plant near Grevenbroich, Germany. AP Photo

Activists display prints replicating solar panels during a rally to mark Earth Day in Washington. AP Photo

A glacier, which has lost most of its ice in the past few years, on Mount Zugspitze, Germany. AP Photo

A bucket wheel excavator mining coal at an open-cast mine in Luetzerath, Germany. AP Photo

Climate activists form a human chain spelling out '100% renewable', at Cop21 in Paris in 2015. AP

US president George W Bush and first lady Barbara Bush sign a pledge to protect the Earth in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. AP Photo

Extinction Rebellion activists holds placards at Cop26 last year in Glasgow, Scotland. AP Photo

Demonstrators hold banners calling for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997. AP Photo

An artwork entitled 'One Heart One Tree' by Naziha Mestaoui is displayed on the Eiffel Tower before the 2015 Paris climate conference. AP Photo

A woman works at a coal depot in Ahmedabad, India, in May. AP Photo

Plastic waste on the banks of the Nile in Cairo in September. AP Photo

Steam rises from a coal-fired power plant Niederaussem, Germany. AP Photo

Lake Poopo, home to the Uru Murato indigenous community in Bolivia, has largely become a desert. AFP

US firefighters battle a blaze near Los Alamos, New Mexico, in 2011. AP Photo

Cars on motorway in Frankfurt, Germany. Vehicle emissions are a contributor to climate change. AP Photo

The rapidly drying marshes of Chibayish in Iraq's southern Dhi Qar province. AFP

“At Cop26 it was agreed the countries would come back with stronger pledges from emitting countries in line with 1.5°C. That’s not happened,” he said.

“The window is closing fast. To be honest, I don’t think there’s much prospect of staying below 1.5°C. They’ll have to shift to a conversation about how to get back to 1.5°C, having gone past it, not just at Cop28, but in the coming 12 months.”

At Cop28 in Dubai, Mr Ward said he hoped that nations would “confront” the fact that the burning of fossil fuels was central to climate change and that more ambitious efforts would be made to reach net zero. He warned that “short-term” interests were being prioritised.

1.5°C warning

As the first global stocktake of national commitments since the Paris Agreement, which was agreed in 2015 with the aim of limiting average temperature rises to 1.5°C, Cop28 is seen as particularly important.

Because of this, Mr Ward said the run-up to the event would be significant in terms of countries strengthening their efforts to reduce the release of greenhouse gases.

“This is the first of the stocktaking under the Paris Agreement,” he said. “But we already know that it’s going to show that action isn’t strong enough.

“The question really is what countries do over the next 12 months to avoid the stocktaking showing we’re just not doing enough.”

While the agreement to set up a dedicated fund to support nations suffering loss and damage was part of the final deal at Cop27, Mr Ward said there were issues about this which needed to be clarified in Dubai.

Loss and damage uncertainty

“There’s no [announcement] on how much and when it will start operating,” Mr Ward said. “This needs to be discussed over the next year and agreed at Cop28.”

Asher Minns, executive director for the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia in the UK, said that the loss and damage principle of “the polluter pays” was essential, but Cop28 should not become “bogged down” on the question of how much rich countries should pay.

Nor, he said, must the making of loss and damage payments be regarded as an excuse by countries to continue to emit greenhouse gases.

“From Glasgow last year, emission reductions were going to be discussed every year. They weren’t really discussed this year, so for next year that has to be the big topic for the agenda,” he said.

“The emissions curve, which keeps going up and up and up, has to be bent downwards and there’s no real progress in bending it downwards.”