African ministers who met in Cairo two months before the start of the Cop27 climate summit have called for a sharp expansion of climate financing for their continent while pushing back against an abrupt move away from fossil fuels.
Egypt, an oil and gas producer considered highly vulnerable to climate change, has positioned itself as a champion for African interests as it prepares to host the summit in Sharm El Sheikh in November.
A communique released on Friday — after a three-day forum for finance, economy and environment ministers — said Africa benefitted from less than 5.5 per cent of global climate financing despite having a low carbon footprint and suffering disproportionately from climate change.
It urged rich countries to meet and expand climate pledges, and said poor countries should be able to develop economically while receiving more funds to adapt to the impact of climate change.
The document stressed “the need to avoid approaches that encourage abrupt disinvestments from fossil fuels, as this will … threaten Africa's development”.
The role of gas in the transition to cleaner energy is set to be a key point of contention at Cop27. Climate activists want it to be quickly phased out and replaced with renewables.
Nigerian Finance Minister Zainab Ahmed told the Cairo forum that gas was a matter of survival for her country.
“If we are not getting reasonably priced finance to develop gas, we are denying the citizens in our countries the opportunities to attain basic development,” she said.
The communique also called for efforts to focus on climate change in a review of multilateral development banks and international financial institutions.
It suggested the creation of a sustainable sovereign debt centre that could reduce the cost of capital for developing states and support debt-for-nature swaps.
-
Qarun Lake, set between irrigated farmland and rocky desert south-west of Cairo, used to teem with tilapia, bass, bream and shrimp, offering generous catches to fishermen from surrounding villages. All photos: Reuters -
But pollution from agricultural run-off and industrial and domestic waste has in recent years sullied its beauty and sent those stocks plunging, destroying an industry that had provided jobs for generations, fishermen say. -
'This lake used to be fine, but after the sewage drain was dumped in it, the fish started to die, then no fish remained except for the very small fish like the sardine,' said fisherman Ramadan Abdel Sattar Awad. -
Some former fishermen have adapted their small wooden boats to offer day trips for weekend visitors from Cairo, while others migrated to cities in eastern or southern Egypt. -
The 42-kilometre lake lies below sea level and in the time of the pharaohs was fed by Nile floods. Now it is replenished by drainage water and has become increasingly saline, with marine species introduced to replace freshwater fish. -
Egypt's scarce farmland along the Nile is farmed intensively, and agricultural run-off has damaged water quality in Qarun Lake, a problem documented in a 2017 government study that also noted increased salinity as a result of evaporation. -
A 2020 study published in 'Environmental Science and Pollution Research', an international journal, showed higher-than-normal contamination with metals including copper, zinc, cadmium and lead. -
Magdy Allam, an environmental expert at Egypt's Climate Information Centre, an official research group, said work was under way to purify local sewage water and cut Lake Qarun off from drainage from nearby farms. -
But its waters have deteriorated rapidly in part because it is an inland lake. 'Closed lakes ... have a more fragile eco-system than other lakes that have open access to seas and oceans,' Mr Allam said. -
Some fishermen tried relocating to Wadi El Rayan, a nearby oasis, but in the 2020 study that was also found to be polluted .
Experts have said there is private and public sector appetite for financing and investing in climate projects in Africa, but funding is affected by reasons such as risk perception, underdeveloped green finance markets and local technical and policy constraints.
States have reported an increase in the cost of borrowing rise due to the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.
“This is keeping us up at night — how to decrease the cost of borrowing,” Egypt's Deputy Finance Minister Sherine El Sharkawy told the forum.
Kevin Chika Urama, chief economist at the African Development Bank, said Africa faced a climate financing gap of about $108 billion each year.
“Climate finance structure today is actually biased against climate-vulnerable countries. The more vulnerable you are, the less climate finance you receive,” he said.
