Coinbase faces SEC probe over cryptocurrency listings for US investors

US regulator has expanded its scrutiny of the platform since it increased the number of tokens available for trading

Coinbase, the biggest US cryptocurrency exchange, has repeatedly sparred with the Securities and Exchange Commission over how it oversees the industry. Reuters

Cryptocurrency trading platform Coinbase Global is facing a US probe into whether it improperly let Americans trade digital assets that should have been registered as securities, three people familiar with the matter have said.

The US Securities and Exchange Commission’s scrutiny of Coinbase has increased since the platform expanded the number of tokens in which it offers trading, said two of the people, who asked not to be named because the inquiry hasn’t been disclosed publicly.

The probe by the SEC’s enforcement unit predates the agency’s investigation into an alleged insider trading scheme that led the regulator last week to sue a former Coinbase manager and two other people.

“We are confident that our rigorous diligence process — a process the SEC has already reviewed — keeps securities off our platform and we look forward to engaging with the SEC on the matter,” Paul Grewal, chief legal officer at Coinbase, said on Twitter. The SEC declined to comment.

The drumbeat in Washington for US regulators to do more to oversee crypto has grown louder as digital currencies have tumbled from all-time highs, erasing hundreds of billions of dollars in market value.

SEC chairman Gary Gensler has homed in on trading platforms and argued that they should do more to protect retail investors.

As the largest US trading platform, Coinbase lets Americans trade more than 150 tokens. If those products were deemed securities, the company may need to register as an exchange with the SEC.

Coinbase has repeatedly sparred with the agency over how it oversees the industry. Last week, the company called on the SEC to propose clearer rules. Meanwhile, after taking a relatively cautious approach for years, Coinbase has boosted its token offerings.

Tensions bubbled up further on July 21, when the SEC accused one of the company’s former employees of breaching its insider-trading rules by leaking information to help his brother and a friend buy tokens shortly before they were listed on the platform.

While the agency didn’t allege wrongdoing by Coinbase, the SEC said it had determined that nine of the dozens of digital tokens the men traded were securities — including seven the exchange says it lists.

Federal prosecutors in Manhattan also charged the three men with wire fraud conspiracy and wire fraud.

In response, Coinbase put out an entry on its blog titled: “Coinbase does not list securities. End of story.”

Mr Grewal pointed out that the Department of Justice chose not to file securities fraud charges, despite reviewing the same facts as the SEC.

Before listing tokens, Coinbase analyses whether an asset could be considered a security and “also considers regulatory compliance and information security aspects of the asset”, Mr Grewal added.

Investigations by the SEC’s enforcement unit can lead to the regulator suing companies or individuals.

Coinbase, which went public last year, previously acknowledged that it has faced scrutiny from the regulator.

In its first-quarter earnings report, the Coinbase said it had “received investigative subpoenas from the SEC for documents and information about certain customer programmes, operations and intended future products, including the company’s stablecoin and yield-generating products”.

World's 10 richest crypto billionaires — in pictures

Changpeng Zhao, founder and chief executive of Binance, is the world’s richest crypto billionaire with a net worth of $65 billion. Bloomberg

Sam Bankman-Fried, founder and chief executive of FTX cryptocurrency exchange, ranked as the second-wealthiest crypto billionaire with a personal fortune of $24bn. Bloomberg

Brian Armstrong, co-founder of Coinbase, is the third-wealthiest crypto billionaire with a net worth of $6.6bn. Bloomberg

Gary Wang, co-founder of FTX cryptocurrency exchange, ranked fourth with a net worth of $5.9bn. FTX

Chris Larsen, executive chairman of Ripple’s board of directors and former chief executive and co-founder of Ripple, rounded out the list of top five wealthiest crypto billionaires with a fortune of $4.3bn. Ripple

Song Chi-hyung, founder of Upbit, the largest cryptocurrency exchange in South Korea, has a net worth of $3.7bn. Courtesy: Dunamu

Tyler Winklevoss, chief executive and co-founder of Gemini Trust, left, and Cameron Winklevoss, president and co-founder of Gemini Trust, have a net worth of $4bn each. Bloomberg

Barry Silbert, founder and chief executive of Digital Currency Group, has a net worth of $3.2bn. Bloomberg

Jed McCaleb, founder and chief architect of the Stellar Development Foundation and co-founder of Ripple, has a net worth of $2.5bn. Courtesy: Stellar Development Foundation

To decide if a digital asset is a security, the SEC applies a legal test, which comes from a 1946 US Supreme Court decision. Under that framework, the agency considers a token generally to be under SEC purview when it involves investors kicking in money to fund a company with the intention of profiting from the efforts of the organisation’s leadership.

Mr Gensler has long argued that many cryptocurrencies fall under the regulator’s jurisdiction and that companies offering them should register with his agency.

However, the SEC mostly hasn’t said specifically which coins are securities, and exchanges decide whether to list an asset. Platform operators are seeking to avoid offering those deemed securities because doing so could trigger investor-protection rules, some of which cryptocurrency enthusiasts say are incompatible with digital assets.