It will be too early for Iran to discuss freezing crude output when the world’s biggest producers meet this month in Algiers, according to an official from the country’s state-oil company.
Iran will be ready to decide on capping production once output reaches the level it was before international sanctions were imposed on the country, said Mohsen Ghamsari, the director for international affairs at state-run National Iranian Oil Co. That is “slightly” above 4 million barrels a day, which may be achieved by the end of this year or early next year, he said. The country is pumping about 3.8 million barrels daily.
“As soon as we come back to pre-sanction levels, we will be ready to discuss quotas and level of production,” Mr Ghamsari said. “The 4 million bpd production level is not very far from our hands. I hope by the end of 2016 or early next year, we would be able to reach that level.”
Iran’s position limits the options when producers meet to discuss how to address the persistent crude glut that is weighing on prices. While its comments rule out discussing a production freeze, they may still leave the door open for other ways to rebalance the market, such as agreeing on a supply ceiling.
Meanwhile, Iraq has given its fellow Opec members the level of crude production at which it would be prepared to freeze output, according to the top official at the state oil marketing company.
Falah Al Amri, the director general of Iraq’s Oil Marketing Company, said Iraq could support a freeze “for a certain period”, but declined to give further details or say the level at which Iraq was willing to halt its production. The country plans to pump 6 million barrels per day by 2020. It currently produces about 4.4 million barrels daily.
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What is graphene?
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged like honeycomb.
It was discovered in 2004, when Russian-born Manchester scientists Andrei Geim and Kostya Novoselov were "playing about" with sticky tape and graphite - the material used as "lead" in pencils.
Placing the tape on the graphite and peeling it, they managed to rip off thin flakes of carbon. In the beginning they got flakes consisting of many layers of graphene. But as they repeated the process many times, the flakes got thinner.
By separating the graphite fragments repeatedly, they managed to create flakes that were just one atom thick. Their experiment had led to graphene being isolated for the very first time.
At the time, many believed it was impossible for such thin crystalline materials to be stable. But examined under a microscope, the material remained stable, and when tested was found to have incredible properties.
It is many times times stronger than steel, yet incredibly lightweight and flexible. It is electrically and thermally conductive but also transparent. The world's first 2D material, it is one million times thinner than the diameter of a single human hair.
But the 'sticky tape' method would not work on an industrial scale. Since then, scientists have been working on manufacturing graphene, to make use of its incredible properties.
In 2010, Geim and Novoselov were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. Their discovery meant physicists could study a new class of two-dimensional materials with unique properties.
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