G20 finance ministers meeting in Italy will discuss a reform of taxation on multinational companies that is meant to stop nations from using ultra-low tax rates to attract businesses.
The world's top economies would be the biggest gainers of the OECD-brokered preliminary deal, while tax havens would be the biggest losers.
Big countries to win
The US, Germany, France ... the world's biggest countries are where multinationals do most of their business but are less and less likely to have their tax homes.
These countries stand to benefit from a measure that would redistribute part of the corporate taxes raised to nations where multinationals actually make their profits.
The imposition of a minimum rate of 15 per cent (with fewer possibilities to lower it) would also increase the amount of tax money to be distributed.
According to the OECD, which led negotiations that produced a draft tax reform agreement among 131 nations, setting a minimum effective tax rate of 15 per cent would generate an additional €150 billion ($175bn) in revenue per year.
Many nations have rates higher than 15 per cent on paper, but with so many exemptions that companies end paying much less. Most of these exemptions would be closed, so companies would end up having to pay at least 15 per cent.
The CAE, a body charged with providing economic analysis for the French government, has calculated that Paris would likely get an extra €6bn in tax revenue per year.
Germany would likely receive €8.3bn and the US nearly €15bn.
China would also likely benefit as it is expected to be able to continue to provide certain tax incentives to support business development.
The details on what tax incentives might remain have yet to be finalised, however.
Tax havens to lose
Countries that set their tax rates low to lure businesses, including tax havens that charge little to no tax, stand to lose the most.
While Barbados and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have balked at the deal, other tax havens like Panama, Bermuda and the British Virgin Islands have nonetheless signed up.
"They've realised that they don't have the capacity to block an international deal and calculated that it's in their interest to be cooperative," said Nicolas Veron, an economist at the Peterson Institute for International Economics in Washington and the Bruegel Institute in Brussels.
"Countries which attracted shell companies for years will suffer from the reform and will have to find other development strategies," said Farid Toubal, a specialist on the subject at Paris Dauphine University.
Worried European countries
European countries like Ireland, which lured Apple and Google with the possibility of lowering effective tax rates to practically nothing, would see a windfall of revenue if they join the reform.
But that is only if these companies stay and continue to book their profits there.
Countries like the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Switzerland are in a similar boat.
"Beyond the impact on public finances, it's clear that the reform process could affect these countries' economies and employment, particularly if multinationals relocate profits and investments as a result," said economist Ricardo Amaro at Oxford Economics.
Countries which attracted shell companies for years will suffer from the reform and will have to find other development strategies
In 2018, around a third of the profits of US multinationals were booked in the Netherlands, Ireland and Luxembourg, although these countries only accounted for five per cent of their sales, Mr Amaro said.
But Ireland, which has invested heavily in recent years in IT infrastructure and education, and become a centre for the pharmaceutical industry, would likely keep many multinationals, even if it raised rates.
"Certainly the shell companies will leave, but the production base will stay as Ireland has other advantages, they speak English, it is part of the immense European market," said Paris Dauphine University's Mr Toubal.
Exemptions for emerging nations
Non-governmental groups that analyse tax optimisation strategies used by multinationals, like Oxfam, have criticised the OECD-brokered deal for letting rich countries keep most of the additional tax revenue.
"The world's poorest countries will recover less than three per cent – despite being home to over a third of the world's population," Oxfam International's executive director Gabriela Bucher said.
But the draft deal that emerged at the beginning of July does contain some sweeteners for emerging nations.
They will benefit from the measures that redistribute some tax revenues to countries where profits are generated.
Developing countries will also be able to maintain some tax incentives to lure in manufacturing, although details have yet to be agreed.