Emirates airline rejected an order from Heathrow Airport for it to cancel flights to comply with a cap on passenger numbers.
The west London airport this week introduced a daily 100,000 passenger limit, meaning flights must be rescheduled to other airports or cancelled.
On Tuesday, it appealed to airlines to stop selling summer tickets as it imposed the cap, which will remain until September 11.
Chaotic scenes at terminals have led to long queues, with passengers lining up outside during a heatwave, mountains of luggage not returned to customers and thousands of flights scrapped. On Wednesday, a US Delta plane carrying only luggage flew out of Heathrow after it was forced to improvise to reunite passengers with their possessions.
In a statement, the airline accused Heathrow bosses of showing "blatant disregard for consumers" by attempting to force it to "deny seats to tens of thousands of travellers".
It said Heathrow's demands were "unreasonable and unacceptable" and described the airport management as "cavalier about travellers and airline customers".
While Emirates had planned ahead for the reopening of the skies, Heathrow "chose not to act, not to plan, not to invest. Now faced with an 'airmageddon' situation due to their incompetence and non-action, they are pushing the entire burden ― of costs and the scramble to sort the mess ― to airlines and travellers".
Emirates, which operates six daily return flights between the airport and Dubai, continued: "LHR [London Heathrow] last evening gave us 36 hours to comply with capacity cuts, of a figure that appears to be plucked from thin air.
"Their communications not only dictated the specific flights on which we should throw out paying passengers, but also threatened legal action for non-compliance.
"This is entirely unreasonable and unacceptable and we reject these demands."
Emirates said it would continue business as usual to and from Heathrow, "until further notice".
It said its ground-handling and catering crews were ready and capable of managing planned flights, and moving to alternative UK airports at short notice was not realistic.
"Ensuring ground readiness to handle and turn around a widebody long-haul aircraft with 500 passengers on board is not as simple as finding a parking spot at a mall," it said.
"From our past 10 months of regularly high seat loads, our operational requirements cannot be a surprise to the airport."
It suggested shareholders scrutinise the decisions of the airport's management team.
The airline said 70 per cent of its passengers from Heathrow were booked to travel on connecting flights from Dubai, highlighting the effect the rejected cuts would have on its own operations. It also pointed out the order was being made "during the super peak period with the upcoming UK holidays, and at a time when many people are desperate to travel after two years of pandemic restrictions".
Virgin Atlantic also criticised the airport’s actions and claimed it was responsible for failures which are contributing to the chaos.
British Airways announced it will cancel six additional daily short-haul flights over the next fortnight in response to the cap.
It has already axed tens of thousands of flights this summer.
Meanwhile, Etihad Airways said a flight from London to Abu Dhabi on Thursday would set off more than three hours earlier than scheduled "to avoid peak congestion".
"As a result of capacity limits imposed by Heathrow Airport, Etihad Airways has been forced to reschedule flight EY26 from London to Abu Dhabi on Thursday, July 14," an Etihad spokesman said.
Many of the problems at Heathrow and other European airports are being caused by staff shortages, from security and check-in staff to ground crew, after the industry struggled to recruit sufficient numbers once Covid travel restrictions were removed.
Heathrow's decision to limit numbers to 100,000 passengers a day means more than 4,000 seats will be scrapped every day. This comes on top of tens of thousands of passengers whose flights have already been cancelled. On Monday alone, Heathrow ordered airlines to ditch 61 flights, affecting about 10,000 passengers.
About 131,000 passengers departed the airport on August 4, 2019, Heathrow’s busiest day on record.
Responding to Emirates’ refusal to cancel flights, a Heathrow spokeswoman said: “Aviation is a complex network and no one can operate in isolation. The network continues to suffer from Covid-related challenges.
“While many factors have resulted in the delayed flights, misconnected bags, long waits for arriving bags and last-minute cancellations at Heathrow and airports across Europe in recent weeks, a key issue is airline ground-handling teams, which are currently only resourced up to 70 per cent capacity to serve passenger demand that has returned to 80 per cent to 85 per cent of pre-pandemic levels.
“For months we have asked airlines to help come up with a plan to solve their resourcing challenges, but no clear plans were forthcoming and with each passing day the problem got worse.
“We had no choice but to take the difficult decision to impose a capacity cap designed to give passengers a better, more reliable journey and to keep everyone working at the airport safe.
“We have tried to be as supportive as possible to airlines and our 100,000 cap on daily departing passengers is significantly higher than the 64,000 cap at Schiphol [in Amsterdam].
“It would be disappointing if instead of working together, any airline would want to put profit ahead of a safe and reliable passenger journey.”
Virgin Atlantic chief customer and operating officer Corneel Koster said “everybody should have got ready for this increased demand”.
He told the PA news agency: “If you’re around the table and the Heathrow voice says ‘it won’t happen, it will come later, I will only open my fourth terminal in June’, that’s a planning mistake.
“They have downplayed demand. They should have opened T4 earlier.
“They should have played an even stronger role in the community.”
In an open letter to passengers on the capacity cap this week, Heathrow chief executive John Holland-Kaye, who has previously said problems could last 18 months, apologised again and admitted scenes in terminals had been unacceptable.
He said the government move to suspend its "use it or lose it" rules on flight routes had helped by allowing flights to be cancelled in advance, but it had not been enough — some airlines were still scheduling too many flights, he said. The policy had led to ghost flights because most airlines would rather fly empty than lose lucrative routes.
The government has ordered airports to review their schedules to give passengers confidence that their travel plans would not be disrupted.
In December last year, Heathrow said it expected passenger numbers for 2022 to reach around 45 million.
It subsequently raised its forecast to “nearly 53 million” in May, and 54.4 million in June.
Terminal 4 was only reopened on June 14, some three months after the UK lifted all remaining coronavirus travel restrictions.
It was the last terminal at a major European airport to resume operations during the pandemic.
Decades of flight: Heathrow through the years - in pictures
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Heathrow Airport in London, the UK's busiest, has been a travel hub for decades. Here The National takes a look back at Heathrow through the years. All photos: Getty Images -
An Airco De Havilland biplane of the British airline, Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited, about to leave on the company’s inaugural flight from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, later known as Heathrow, to Le Bourget, Paris, in August 1919 -
Waterlogged runways at London Airport - Heathrow's original name - one week before it became Britain's main aerial gateway to the US in 1946 -
The new BOAC maintenance headquarters at London Airport circa 1955 -
The air traffic control room at the airport's new terminal in 1955 -
US film star Marilyn Monroe with her husband, playwright Arthur Miller, after arriving at the airport in July 1956 -
An aerial view showing the runways in 1958 -
The arrivals and departures board in 1960 -
A new airport gift shop, selling items by Chanel, Wedgwood and Pringle of Scotland, in 1961 -
The Queen's Building and the No. 1 Building Europa at Heathrow in 1965 -
The Beatles leave Heathrow for Salzburg in Austria, to resume filming of the movie Help!, in 1965 -
Passenger terminal gates at Heathrow in 1966 -
Keith Granville, managing director of BOAC, holding up a model of the Boeing 747 jet, with the new aircraft hangars under construction in the background, at Heathrow in 1969 -
An aerial view of Heathrow in 1970 -
Passengers boarding the first BOAC Jumbo Jet 747 used for a commercial flight, from London Heathrow to New York, in 1971 -
Passengers going through the departure lounge at Heathrow in 1973 -
Concorde takes off from Heathrow on her first commercial flight for British Airways in 1976 -
Men at work finalising the Heathrow Central underground station before its opening in 1977 -
Queen Elizabeth II passing though the Tube gates at Heathrow Central station on its opening in 1977 -
An aerial view of Heathrow in 1978 -
Passengers waiting near a departures board in 1979 -
Holidaymakers waiting in the departure lounge at Terminal 3 of Heathrow in 1981 -
British Airways employees protesting at Heathrow in 1984 -
Passengers and staff observe a silence in Heathrow's Terminal One to mark the beginning of the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997 -
Rower Steve Redgrave at Heathrow with daughters Sophie and Natalie and son Zak after returning from the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games with his gold medal -
Spectators watch the last Concorde land at Heathrow in 2003 -
Fans surround the coach carrying the England rugby team at Heathrow, as they arrived from Sydney after winning the World Cup in 2003 -
Heathrow's Terminal 2 in 2004 -
Passengers queue to check in at Terminal 1 of Heathrow Airport during the Christmas 2006 and New Year period -
Passengers wait at Terminal 1 on August 10, 2006, after airport security was raised to critical when a terrorist plot to blow up planes in mid-flight from the UK to the US was disrupted by police -
Planes queueing to take off at Heathrow in 2007 -
The new Terminal 5 at Heathrow in 2008 -
Aircraft at Heathrow Airport in front of the London skyline in 2016 -
Members of Team GB arrive from Rio de Janeiro at Heathrow, after returning from the 2016 Olympics, which saw Great Britain's strongest performance at the Games in over a century -
A composite photo shows planes taking off from Heathrow in November 2016. Forty-two planes were captured between 10.17am and 11.17am and a montage was created from those single images -
Items are arranged during an auction preview at Heathrow in 2018. The contents of Terminal 1, which closed in 2015, were being sold -
An airline passenger wearing a face mask pushes her bags through Heathrow's Terminal 5 during the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 -
British Airways employees welcome Olympians returning from the Tokyo Olympics in 2021 -
Travellers wait in a long queue to pass through the security check in 2022
