Lee “Scratch" Perry, the influential Jamaican singer and producer who pushed the boundaries of reggae and shepherded dub, died on Sunday at the age of 85.
No cause of death was given, but Jamaican Prime Minister Andrew Holness said that the visionary died in the Noel Holmes Hospital in Lucea.
"Today Jamaica has lost the rhythm and soul of a prolific music icon who has inspired many," Holness said.
"Lee 'Scratch' Perry was truly one of the most important and creative figures to have come out of Jamaica."
A producer for a wide array of artists including Bob Marley, Perry's mastery traversed time and genre, his impact evident from hip-hop to post-punk, from the Beastie Boys to The Clash.
Born March 20, 1936 in the rural Jamaican town of Kendal, Rainford Hugh "Lee" Perry left school at age 15, moving to Kingston in the 1960s.
"My father worked on the road, my mother in the fields. We were very poor. I went to school... I learned nothing at all. Everything I have learned has come from nature," Perry told the British music outlet NME in 1984.
"When I left school, there was nothing to do except field work. Hard, hard labour. I didn't fancy that. So I started playing dominoes. Through dominoes, I practised my mind and learned to read the minds of others."
"This has proved eternally useful to me."
He began selling records for Clement Coxsone Dodd's sound system in the late 1950s, while also cultivating his own recording career.
Perry broke ranks with Dodds over personal and financial conflicts, moving to Joe Gibbs's Amalgamated Records before also falling out with Gibbs.
In 1968, he formed his own label, Upsetter Records. His first major single, People Funny Boy – a jibe at Gibbs – was praised for its innovative use of a crying baby, an early use of a sample recording.
He gained fame both in Jamaica and abroad, especially in Britain, drawing acclaim for his inventive production, studio wizardry and eccentric persona.
In 1973, Perry built a backyard studio in Kingston, naming it the Black Ark, which would birth countless reggae and dub classics.
Adept at layering rhythm and repetition, Perry became a sampling grandmaster whose work created new courses for music's future.
The producer for a number of major dub records – along with Marley, he worked with Max Romeo, Junior Murvin and The Congos – Perry was key in taking Jamaican music to the international stage, crafting sounds that would endure for decades.
Perry's layering techniques were the stuff of legends; he used stones, water and kitchen utensils to create surreal, often haunting, sonic density.
"You could never put your finger on Lee Perry – he's the Salvador Dali of music," Keith Richards told Rolling Stone in 2010.
"He's a mystery. The world is his instrument. You just have to listen. More than a producer, he knows how to inspire the artist's soul," Richards told the magazine.
"He has a gift of not only hearing sounds that come from nowhere else, but also translating those sounds to the musicians. Scratch is a shaman."
The highly sought-after producer continued to mix and release his own music with his band The Upsetters, but began suffering mentally in the 1970s. The Black Ark fell into disrepair.
The studio ultimately burned down; Perry holds he set it ablaze himself in the early 1980s.
Perry began travelling and living abroad, ultimately settling in Switzerland for a time with his family, and remained prolific until his death.
"Pure Innovation. Pure Imagination. This man was Plug Ins long before you studio cats today can simply press one button and instantly created sound chaos," wrote Roots drummer Questlove.
"What a character! Totally ageless! Extremely creative, with a memory as sharp as a tape machine! A brain as accurate as a computer!" wrote the British artist Mad Professor, Perry's longtime collaborator, on social media Sunday.
Praising Perry's "pioneering spirit and work," the Beastie Boys also tweeted a homage: "We are truly grateful to have been inspired by and collaborated with this true legend."
– Additional reporting by AFP
