War is supposed to be a generation-defining event, one that demarcates ages and experiences, befores and afters.
But the two-decade war in Afghanistan does not define a single generation; it spans many, connecting fathers and sons to the same conflict.
More than 800,000 Americans served in Afghanistan and nearly 2,500 died in a conflict that came to a rushed and chaotic end last August, when the final American C-17 plane took off in the dead of night from Hamid Karzai International Airport. This left behind tens of thousands of Afghans who risked their lives to help the Americans and their western allies.
The war lasted so long, it allowed Lawrence Nicholson, a retired lieutenant general in the US Marine Corps, to lead his sons into battle.
“To be able to serve with your son or daughter in a combat zone was really unusual,” explained the 39-year veteran.
While it somewhat eased his wife Debbie’s concerns, Mr Nicholson concedes that his presence likely did little to protect his sons.
“It somehow reassured their mother that oh, yeah, well, Dad's over there, he'll take care of them, which couldn't have been further from the truth because they were doing their own thing every day in different parts of the country.”
Mr Nicholson, who did two tours in Iraq before serving in Afghanistan, led the first large-scale marine movement into the country in 2009. He had 10,000 marines under him in Helmand Province, but that number swelled to about 19,000 during President Barack Obama’s tenure.
At that point, the conflict was already nearly a decade old. However, after early successes against the Taliban, Afghanistan was put on the back burner as the US shifted most of its focus to Iraq, a move some believe was a fatal mistake.
“I think a lot of people will tell you, we took our eye off the ball when we went to Iraq,” Mr Nicholson told The National. “I think things were going very well in Afghanistan early on and I think had we been focused on Afghanistan, we'd be having a very different conversation today.”
While the US efforts in Iraq were ultimately successful, the military's split focus meant that there was a lack of consistency and sustained efforts in Afghanistan, something Mr Nicholson believes eroded Afghan confidence in Americans.
The former Marine Commander used his time in Helmand to encapsulate America's shortcomings. While his marines were in the southern province, they made great strides, including training large scores of Afghan security forces. "But, two years later, we were gone and I think the residual impact of that was really problematic," he said.
Peter Mansoor, a retired US Army Colonel, who helped Gen David Petraeus to plan and lead the successful surge of troops into Iraq in 2007, believes the US was ultimately let down by the Afghan security forces.
“I think what we saw in Afghanistan is we could never find a viable partner among the Afghan people, one that had the support of enough of the Afghan population to overcome the very stiff headwinds that the insurgency posed,” said Mr Mansoor, who is now a professor of military history at The Ohio State University.
Mr Mansoor said according to the counter insurgency field manual, a successful force should have one security person to every 50 people, something that the US was able to achieve in Iraq but not in Afghanistan.
The US and its allies were never able to get the number lower than one in 100 in Afghanistan. “There were about 30 million Afghans and at the height [of the conflict] I think about 300,000 security personnel,” Mr Mansoor told The National. “So it simply wasn't in the cards that the United States, our Nato allies and the Afghans were going to overcome the Taliban insurgency.”
The military historian also cited Pakistan, which provided a safe haven for retreating Taliban to regroup as a major hindrance in the two-decades-long war.
“The Inter-Services Intelligence Agency of the Pakistani government supported segments of the insurgency, making it very difficult to defeat the insurgency because you could defeat them for a time and they would simply go across the border and regenerate and come back,” he said.
In August 2021, when President Joe Biden ordered the complete withdrawal of US forces, every gain made over 20 years evaporated in days.
It was a stunning reversal that will for ever shade the way Americans view the war.
“The legacy of the war in Afghanistan is going to be much like the legacy of the war in Vietnam,” Mr Mansoor said. "Political objectives drive military operations and, if you don't get the politics right, competence on the battlefield will rarely salvage the campaign."
For many veterans, the last year has been a difficult one, wrestling with both the outcome of the war and also scrambling to try to protect the Afghans who helped them along the way.
Retired Lt Gen Lawrence Nicholson is still trying to get people out of the country.
“People vote with their lives when they decide to help the Americans when they want to work with the Americans,” he said. “There's an obligation once somebody puts their life and their family's life on the line to support us. I think we have a moral and ethical obligation to do everything we can to bring them to safety.”
Mr Nicholson said he will not let the sting of defeat cloud what his troops went through and the sacrifices they made.
He lost 93 marines during his time in Afghanistan and, in the year since the war’s end, has sought to reassure the families of the men and women who died under his command.
“It didn't finish the way we would have liked, no one's happy with the outcome,” he said. “But it doesn't diminish in any way the work and the effort of the marines, sailors, soldiers and airmen that were over there during that time.”
It is important to note that while the toll on American soldiers was heavy, it paled in comparison to what the Afghan people went through.
The Brown University Cost of War Project estimates that 241,000 people died in Afghanistan and Pakistan during the 20-year conflict, more than 70,000 of them civilians.
Another damning legacy of America’s “forever war.”
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Terminator: Dark Fate
Director: Tim Miller
Starring: Arnold Schwarzenegger, Linda Hamilton, Mackenzie Davis
Rating: 3/5
Who's who in Yemen conflict
Houthis: Iran-backed rebels who occupy Sanaa and run unrecognised government
Yemeni government: Exiled government in Aden led by eight-member Presidential Leadership Council
Southern Transitional Council: Faction in Yemeni government that seeks autonomy for the south
Habrish 'rebels': Tribal-backed forces feuding with STC over control of oil in government territory
The years Ramadan fell in May
The White Lotus: Season three
Creator: Mike White
Starring: Walton Goggins, Jason Isaacs, Natasha Rothwell
Rating: 4.5/5
Disposing of non-recycleable masks
- Use your ‘black bag’ bin at home
- Do not put them in a recycling bin
- Take them home with you if there is no litter bin
- No need to bag the mask
Family reunited
Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe was born and raised in Tehran and studied English literature before working as a translator in the relief effort for the Japanese International Co-operation Agency in 2003.
She moved to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies before moving to the World Health Organisation as a communications officer.
She came to the UK in 2007 after securing a scholarship at London Metropolitan University to study a master's in communication management and met her future husband through mutual friends a month later.
The couple were married in August 2009 in Winchester and their daughter was born in June 2014.
She was held in her native country a year later.
U19 WORLD CUP, WEST INDIES
UAE group fixtures (all in St Kitts)
Saturday 15 January: v Canada
Thursday 20 January: v England
Saturday 22 January: v Bangladesh
UAE squad
Alishan Sharafu (captain), Shival Bawa, Jash Giyanani, Sailles Jaishankar, Nilansh Keswani, Aayan Khan, Punya Mehra, Ali Naseer, Ronak Panoly, Dhruv Parashar, Vinayak Raghavan, Soorya Sathish, Aryansh Sharma, Adithya Shetty, Kai Smith
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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MATCH INFO
Syria v Australia
2018 World Cup qualifying: Asia fourth round play-off first leg
Venue: Hang Jebat Stadium (Malacca, Malayisa)
Kick-off: Thursday, 4.30pm (UAE)
Watch: beIN Sports HD
* Second leg in Australia scheduled for October 10
CONFIRMED%20LINE-UP
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UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
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'Saand Ki Aankh'
Produced by: Reliance Entertainment with Chalk and Cheese Films
Director: Tushar Hiranandani
Cast: Taapsee Pannu, Bhumi Pednekar, Prakash Jha, Vineet Singh
Rating: 3.5/5 stars
White hydrogen: Naturally occurring hydrogen
Chromite: Hard, metallic mineral containing iron oxide and chromium oxide
Ultramafic rocks: Dark-coloured rocks rich in magnesium or iron with very low silica content
Ophiolite: A section of the earth’s crust, which is oceanic in nature that has since been uplifted and exposed on land
Olivine: A commonly occurring magnesium iron silicate mineral that derives its name for its olive-green yellow-green colour
Benefits of first-time home buyers' scheme
- Priority access to new homes from participating developers
- Discounts on sales price of off-plan units
- Flexible payment plans from developers
- Mortgages with better interest rates, faster approval times and reduced fees
- DLD registration fee can be paid through banks or credit cards at zero interest rates
U19 World Cup in South Africa
Group A: India, Japan, New Zealand, Sri Lanka
Group B: Australia, England, Nigeria, West Indies
Group C: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Scotland, Zimbabwe
Group D: Afghanistan, Canada, South Africa, UAE
UAE fixtures
Saturday, January 18, v Canada
Wednesday, January 22, v Afghanistan
Saturday, January 25, v South Africa
UAE squad
Aryan Lakra (captain), Vriitya Aravind, Deshan Chethyia, Mohammed Farazuddin, Jonathan Figy, Osama Hassan, Karthik Meiyappan, Rishabh Mukherjee, Ali Naseer, Wasi Shah, Alishan Sharafu, Sanchit Sharma, Kai Smith, Akasha Tahir, Ansh Tandon
UAE'S%20YOUNG%20GUNS
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COMPANY PROFILE
Name: Kumulus Water
Started: 2021
Founders: Iheb Triki and Mohamed Ali Abid
Based: Tunisia
Sector: Water technology
Number of staff: 22
Investment raised: $4 million
The bio
Favourite food: Japanese
Favourite car: Lamborghini
Favourite hobby: Football
Favourite quote: If your dreams don’t scare you, they are not big enough
Favourite country: UAE
Indika
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%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EDirector%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Nag%20Ashwin%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EStarring%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EPrabhas%2C%20Saswata%20Chatterjee%2C%20Deepika%20Padukone%2C%20Amitabh%20Bachchan%2C%20Shobhana%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ERating%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E%E2%98%85%E2%98%85%E2%98%85%E2%98%85%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
MATCH INFO
World Cup qualifier
Thailand 2 (Dangda 26', Panya 51')
UAE 1 (Mabkhout 45 2')
Specs
Engine: Dual-motor all-wheel-drive electric
Range: Up to 610km
Power: 905hp
Torque: 985Nm
Price: From Dh439,000
Available: Now
The%20specs
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The Written World: How Literature Shaped History
Martin Puchner
Granta
Results
Female 49kg: Mayssa Bastos (BRA) bt Thamires Aquino (BRA); points 0-0 (advantage points points 1-0).
Female 55kg: Bianca Basilio (BRA) bt Amal Amjahid (BEL); points 4-2.
Female 62kg: Beatriz Mesquita (BRA) v Ffion Davies (GBR); 10-2.
Female 70kg: Thamara Silva (BRA) bt Alessandra Moss (AUS); submission.
Female 90kg: Gabreili Passanha (BRA) bt Claire-France Thevenon (FRA); submission.
Male 56kg: Hiago George (BRA) bt Carlos Alberto da Silva (BRA); 2-2 (2-0)
Male 62kg: Gabriel de Sousa (BRA) bt Joao Miyao (BRA); 2-2 (2-1)
Male 69kg: Paulo Miyao (BRA) bt Isaac Doederlein (USA); 2-2 (2-2) Ref decision.
Male 77kg: Tommy Langarkar (NOR) by Oliver Lovell (GBR); submission.
Male 85kg: Rudson Mateus Teles (BRA) bt Faisal Al Ketbi (UAE); 2-2 (1-1) Ref decision.
Male 94kg: Kaynan Duarte (BRA) bt Adam Wardzinski (POL); submission.
Male 110kg: Joao Rocha (BRA) bt Yahia Mansoor Al Hammadi (UAE); submission.