The number of deaths caused by armed conflicts worldwide is at its highest in almost three decades, a study has found.
The rise in deaths has been fuelled by wars in Ukraine and Ethiopia and despite a drop-off in Yemen and Afghanistan the global total of 237,000 was the highest since the Rwanda genocide of 1994, data from Uppsala Conflict Data Programme (UCDP) at Uppsala University in Sweden indicated.
The figure was a 97 per cent increase in the number of deaths in the previous year.
“Violence in Ethiopia and Ukraine escalated drastically,” said Shawn Davies, senior analyst at UCDP.
It was estimated these wars accounted for 180,000 battle-related deaths last year alone.
“A common perception is that Russia’s war in Ukraine was the bloodiest conflict in 2022 but in fact more people died in Ethiopia where the Tigray People's Liberation Front has fought the Ethiopian army, the latter supported by Eritrea, since late 2020,” Mr Davies said.
Fighting in Ethiopia and Ukraine featured a resurgence in trench warfare, often associated with high casualty numbers.
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has led to the first large-scale interstate war in two decades.
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A Ukrainian soldier moves along a trench at a position near the front-line town of Bakhmut. Reuters -
The leader of Russia's Wagner Group Yevgeny Prigozhin, right, talks to his fighters in Bakhmut. AFP -
A Ukrainian serviceman from the 24th Separate Mechanised Brigade keeps watch on the front line. EPA -
An evacuee from eastern Ukraine boards a train in Pokrovsk bound for Lviv. Reuters -
Fighters of the Russian Volunteer Corps, which fights on the side of Ukraine, in the north of the country, not far from the Russian border. AFP -
A Ukrainian army multiple rocket launcher fires at Russian positions on the front line near Bakhmut. AP -
Smoke rises after a Russian missile strike in Kyiv. Reuters -
A Ukrainian man plants sunflowers between a damaged Russian tank and its turret in his garden in the village of Velyka Dymerka, Kyiv region. AP -
Ukrainian servicemen rest at their positions after a battle near the front-line city of Bakhmut. Reuters -
A teenager aims a Kalashnikov AK47 rifle during defence training at a centre for school pupils in Lviv. AFP -
A Ukrainian national flag in the middle of a blossoming field near Brovary, east of Kyiv. AP -
Ukrainian servicemen check Russian positions near the front-line city of Bakhmut. Reuters -
Rescuers put out a fire during a Russian air strike on Kyiv. EPA -
Ukrainian boys play at being soldiers in the village of Stoyanka. AFP -
Ukrainian servicemen during an exercise in the Chernihiv region. Reuters -
Ukrainian soldiers fire a cannon on the front line near Bakhmut. AP
“It has also become more common for external states to send troop support to rebel groups fighting against other governments, which essentially means that state armies are fighting each other,” said Therese Pettersson, project leader at UCDP.
The report indicates that the number of active conflicts involving states remains high, with 55 recorded last year.
Ms Pettersson explained: “Albeit most conflicts are small, the number of wars increased from five in 2021 to eight in 2022.
“Conflicts causing at least 1,000 battle-related deaths during one calendar year are considered wars.”
Non-state conflicts, those involving rebel groups or other organised actors, were also on the rise.
UCDP registered 82 such conflicts in 2022, a record number. The majority were found in Mexico, driven by rival drug cartels' so-called turf wars, UCDP said.
The report also highlighted a rise in one-sided violence, involving targeted, intentional attacks on civilians.
In 2022, a minimum of 11,800 civilians fell victim to this violence, perpetrated by 45 different states or organised groups, UCDP said.
The entity responsible for the highest number of civilian deaths was ISIS, while states such as Russia and Eritrea have been accused of using extensive violence against civilians in Ukraine and Ethiopia, respectively.
UCDP's findings will be published in detail in the July issue of the Journal of Peace Research.
