Ten years ago, ragga singer Bobi Wine, sporting dreadlocks and oversized black sunglasses, regularly appeared in music videos surrounded by women, driving a Cadillac with a joint hanging out of his mouth.
Today the star, whose real name is Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, is an MP dressed in dark, tailored suits who is fighting to become president of Uganda in Thursday's election.
The 38-year-old former pop star has become the main challenger to President Yoweri Museveni, 76, who came to power in 1986 and is the only president that many in Uganda have ever known.
Although Mr Wine has been arrested numerous times since 2018, and alleges that he was sometimes tortured, he has accused the regime of going to extremes to crack down on his campaign in recent weeks.
He has taken to wearing a bulletproof vest and combat helmet on the campaign trail, where his meetings have often ended in a cloud of tear gas and with live rounds fired.
The hashtag #WeAreRemovingADictator has spread on social media among the supporters of his National Unity Platform.
Mr Wine grew up in one of Kampala's biggest slums, Kamwokya, where thousands of Ugandans struggle to get by and feel forgotten by Mr Museveni's government.
While Mr Wine went on to study music and drama at university and now lives in a better neighbourhood, he still sees himself as the "ghetto president", a nickname he earned through his songs denouncing social and economic injustice.
His modest origins and youth are central to his popularity in a poor country where 40 per cent of voters are under 30 years old and have known no president but Mr Museveni.
As an MP, Mr Wine notably fought against a tax on social media, widely regarded as unfair and limiting people's freedom of speech.
"Having lived in the ghetto, he appreciates how the poor like us live," said supporter and businessman Charles Mbagga, 37, who lives in the Gayaza slum, 15 kilometres north of the capital.
"Bobi Wine is popular because of his message for change, fight against injustice, corruption and unemployment among the poor and the youths."
Mr Wine is from the dominant Buganda kingdom – one of several traditional kingdoms which were forced together under colonial rule – and is popular there.
"(The) Buganda kingdom is an important factor in the political context of Uganda. Bobi Wine has always been very careful with Buganda, making sure he has them on his side," said Kristof Titeca, a researcher at the University of Antwerp in Belgium.
But analysts are sceptical about Mr Wine's capacity to pull off an election win. The country is still traumatised by the tyranny of brutal dictator Idi Amin, who Mr Museveni helped oust, ushering in peace and stability.
Rural areas and some groups, like the military, remain firmly behind the president.
Nevertheless, the regime has shown in recent weeks a certain anxiety about the young upstart who Mr Museveni has in the past referred to as "our grandson, the undisciplined Bobi Wine".
In mid-November at least 54 people died in clashes with police which were sparked by Mr Wine's umpteenth arrest. In December, a member of the singer's security team was killed by the army, according to his National Unity Platform.
At the end of December, election rallies – already restricted to a quick address from the roof of a car – were banned in Kampala and 10 other key districts.
Officially, this was because of Covid-19, but Mr Wine and observers regarded this as a deliberate bid to frustrate his campaign.
"The dictatorship is in panic. They've been surprised by the massive enthusiasm and support we've been received with in all parts of the country," Mr Wine wrote on Twitter.
Mr Titeca said the regime may have shot itself in the foot by cracking down on Mr Wine, which may help the challenger win even more votes.
"The fact he has been able to face that crackdown, people getting killed around him, him not backing down on everything that is happening – it has made him a martyr in a way, somebody who dares to stand up to the current system," the analyst said.
-
Musician turned politician Robert Kyagulanyi, aka Bobi Wine, also a presidential candidate in the upcoming elections, speaks during a press conference in Kampala, Uganda, on January 12, 2021. AFP -
Ugandan presidential candidate Bobi Wine, right, poses for a photograph with other opposition leaders Patrick Oboi Amuriat, centre, and Mugisha Muntu during a press conference in Kampala on January 12, 2021. EPA -
Supporters cheer Bobi Wine as he departs from his last church service ahead of the presidential elections at Namungoona Orthodox Church in Kampala on January 10, 2021. EPA -
Bobi Wine addresses the media at his home in Wakiso, Uganda, on January 8, 2021 to announce his plans to take President Yoweri Museveni to the International Court Commission, accusing him of crimes against humanity over the past few months. AFP -
Bobi Wine speaks during an interview with Reuters at his home in Magere, Wakiso district on the outskirts of Kampala, January 3, 2021. Reuters -
Bobi Wine is escorted by policemen during his arrest in Kalangala in central Uganda on December 30, 2020. Reuters -
Bobi Wine campaigns near Kampala, Uganda, November 30, 2020. Reuters -
Bobi Wine reacts from inside a police van, in Luuka district, eastern Uganda on November 18, 2020. Reuters -
Bobi Wine attends the First Annual "Time 100 Next" gala in New York City, USA, November 14, 2019. Reuters -
Bobi Wine greets his followers as he arrives home after being released from prison, in Kampala on May 2, 2019. AP Photo -
Bobi Wine, center, arrives at a magistrate's court in Gulu, northern Uganda, August 23, 2018. AP Photo -
Elections billboards for Uganda's President Yoweri Museveni and Bobi Wine are seen on a street in Kampala. Reuters -
An electoral campaign poster of Bobi Wine is seen on a street ahead of the presidential and parliamentary elections, in Kampala. Reuters
