Pope Francis met Myanmar's powerful army chief on Monday at the start of a highly sensitive trip to the majority-Buddhist country, which is under fire internationally for a brutal army crackdown on Rohingya Muslims.
The 80-year-old pope, the first to travel to Myanmar, received Senior General Min Aung Hlaing at the archbishop's residence in Yangon, where the pontiff will stay during his visit.
Both the United Nations and the United States accuse the army — which the general controls — of "ethnic cleansing" in a campaign that has driven more than 620,000 Rohingya from Myanmar's northern Rakhine state into neighbouring Bangladesh since August.
The military crackdown on the Rohingya looms large over the pope's four-day trip. He has called the persecuted minority his "brothers and sisters" in repeated entreaties to ease their plight.
During a 15-minute meeting, the pontiff and the army chief spoke of the "great responsibility of the country's authorities in this moment of transition", Vatican spokesman Greg Burke said.
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Myanmar was ruled by a junta for five decades until a civilian government led by Aung San Suu Kyi came to power last year.
Earlier on Monday, Pope Francis was welcomed at Yangon's airport by children from different minority groups in bright bejewelled clothes, who gave him flowers and received a papal embrace in return.
Nuns in white habits were among the devotees waving flags as his motorcade swept past the golden Shwedagon Pagoda.
"I saw the pope … I was so pleased, I cried!" Christina Aye Aye Sein, 48, sadi after the pope's convoy received a warm but modest welcome.
"His face looked very lovely and sweet … He is coming here for peace."
Myanmar's estimated 700,000 Catholics make up just over 1 per cent of the country's 51 million people.
But around 200,000 Catholics are pouring into Myanmar's commercial capital, Yangon, before a huge open-air mass on Wednesday.
"People came from all corners of the country, even if we could only see him for a few seconds," said Sister Genevieve Mu, an ethnic Karen nun.
The pope's speeches during his visit will be scrutinised by Buddhist hardliners for any mention of the word "Rohingya", an incendiary term in a country where the Muslim group are reviled and labelled "Bengalis" — alleged illegal immigrants from Bangladesh.
On Tuesday, Pope Francis will meet Aung San Suu Kyi, a Nobel Peace Prize winner whose lustre has faded because of her failure to speak up publicly for the Rohingya.
Speaking shortly before he left Rome, the pontiff said: "I ask you to be with me in prayer so that, for these peoples, my presence is a sign of affinity and hope."
The army, which ruled the country with an iron fist for 49 years, insists its Rakhine operation was a proportionate response to Rohingya "terrorists" who raided police posts in late August, killing at least a dozen officers.
But rights groups, the UN and the US have accused the military of using its operation as cover to drive out a minority it has oppressed for decades.
The deluge of desperate refugees arriving in Bangladesh have carried with them accounts of murder, rape and arson at the hands of troops and Buddhist mobs.
And inside Myanmar, opinion differs sharply from the rest of the world.
"If the pope did come and weigh in heavily on this issue, it would inflame tensions and it would inflame public sentiment," said Myanmar-based political analyst Richard Horsey.
Days before the papal visit, Myanmar and Bangladesh inked a deal vowing to begin repatriating Rohingya refugees in two months.
But details of the agreement — including the use of temporary shelters for returnees, many of whose homes have been burnt to the ground — raise questions for Rohingya fearful of returning without guarantees of basic rights.
Pope Francis will travel on to Bangladesh on Thursday, where he will meet a group of Rohingya Muslims in the capital, Dhaka.
Nur Mohammad, a 45-year-old Rohingya imam at the Nayapara refugee camp in Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh, said he hoped the pope would tell the Myanmar government to accept Rohingya, "give citizenship to them and end all discriminations against them".
