Coronavirus: stark lessons must be learnt as delays prove fatal

With new cases emerging at a rate of more than 200,000 each day and lockdowns being re-imposed, the coronavirus pandemic is not over. It is also clear that its impact has varied hugely, with some rich nations hit far harder than poorer neighbours. Tentative explanations for this situation from comparisons of how countries responded to the viral threat are beginning to emerge. Tying them together is a phenomenon which repeatedly caught governments out – with tragic results. Scientists gave it the unremarkable name of non-linearity, but its power is anything but unremarkable. It means that small effects do not always have small consequences. We have all experienced non-linearity in everyday life – such as sleeping through an alarm call. Getting out of bed 15 minutes late could mean we miss a crucial meeting – with long-term consequences for our careers. Now nations are witnessing the consequences of what were, at first glance, slight errors in their response to the pandemic. Nowhere demonstrates this more clearly than the United Kingdom. In mid-March, a week after the country’s first recorded death from the disease, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced that unless action was taken “cases could double every five to six days”. Even at the time, that seemed too slow – members of the public said official figures suggested a doubling time of around three days. It later emerged the government's figure was based not on data from the UK but from Wuhan, the city in central China where the outbreak was first reported. Analysis showed that the “armchair experts” were closer to the truth and, on March 23, Mr Johnson announced an immediate lockdown. The debacle had consequences beyond embarrassment for government advisers. A pandemic is the quintessential non-linear phenomenon. One infected person passes the virus to several others. After a few days of incubation and contact with others, each of them infects several more people – an effect which gives the so-called reproduction number "R". The result is exponential growth. If R equals 3, this means the number of infected people grows as powers of 3 – that is 9, 27, 81, 243 and so on – a rate of growth which can quickly engulf a nation. To end the pandemic, R must be brought below 1. But its non-linear effect means even a short delay in taking action can vastly increase the death-toll. In the case of the UK, where case numbers were doubling every three to four days, the mathematics of exponential growth showed that the epidemic roughly quadrupled in size every week. And, crucially, that four-fold increase remains “baked in” for the rest of the epidemic. In other words, one week of delay keeps the numbers of cases four times higher than they need have been, week in, week out until the epidemic ends. Put another way, as much as 75 per cent of the UK’s current toll of 45,000 deaths – among the worst per capita in the world – could have been avoided. It is a lesson in the power of non-linearity underlined by the experience of other countries which have fared much better. Vietnam, which borders China, had its first case of Covid-19 – a man visiting from Wuhan – on January 23. The government put its pandemic response plans into action the next day. Districts were put into strict lockdown, along with mass testing of both the sick and healthy. Seen by some at the time as an over-reaction, the rapid response led to Vietnam having fewer than 400 cases, and not a single death. In general, Asian countries – including China – have demonstrated the effectiveness of speed when facing the non-linear threat of epidemics. But there is one key exception: Japan. It, too, has achieved a toll of fewer than 1,000 deaths – a per capita rate 80 times below that of the UK – and despite having a more elderly and vulnerable demographic. Yet this success is perplexing given that Japan’s response has been far less draconian than some of its neighbours. Plans to tackle the virus only took shape in late February, and the lockdown policy amounted to little more than a polite request. Mass testing has never been carried out there. But Dr Tomoya Saito, director of the crisis management team at Japan’s National Institute of Public Health, highlighted three key features of the nation's response. First, the population has a long tradition of wearing face masks – now regarded a simple means of keeping infection rates low. Second, the country has a well-established track-and-trace system for contacting and isolating infected people to prevent further spread. Finally, while shunning blanket lockdowns, the government has advised the public to avoid the Three Cs: closed, crowded spaces with close contact. Studies early in the epidemic revealed these to be prime culprits for outbreaks. In short, there are multiple reasons for Japan’s success in dealing with the epidemic with relatively minor upheaval. And that highlights the flip-side of non-linearity. By amplifying small effects, it can turn seemingly minor countermeasures into major victories against the virus. This holds important lessons not just for future pandemics, but for the one now engulfing the world. Six months after the virus first emerged in China, scientists are still arguing over the effectiveness of face masks, levels of social distancing, and other measures like antiseptic gargling. Recent research has shown, however, that the non-linear nature of epidemics can turn modest benefit into potential game-changers – especially after lockdowns are lifted. There are now calls for a global coalition to be set up to investigate this multi-pronged strategy as a matter of urgency. Governments around the world need to take this call seriously, because the biggest lesson of the pandemic so far is that every second counts. Robert Matthews is visiting professor of science at Aston University, Birmingham, UK

Coronavirus: stark lessons must be learnt as delays prove fatal

The rapidly contagious nature of Covid-19 highlights the need for governments to take decisive action