How do we stop the microplastic invasion and how harmful are they?

Tiny particles have been found in fresh snow and most recently in breast milk

A researcher examining a sediment sample collected from the sea to examine microplastics and better understand its impact on marine life. AFP

Microplastics have been detected in everything from human breast milk to water.

Researchers last year found microplastics — usually defined as pieces less than 5mm in size — were present in three-quarters of breast milk samples taken from 34 women who had given birth in Rome.

Just a few months earlier, in July, researchers in the Netherlands detected microplastics in a range of meat and milk products. Scientists have also found them in beverages and seafood.

And in Dubai, microplastics were in the news this week when dozens of bags containing millions of tiny beads washed up on the city's Sunset Beach.

An impressive community effort helped municipal workers to scoop up the bulk of the spillage from the pristine sand.

Here, we look at the microplastic invasion - and ask what can be done to tackle it.

The microplastic food chain

Many microplastics end up, or are formed, in the sea, allowing them to spread around the globe and absorb toxins.

Some of these toxins may have been released into the environment decades ago.

Marine microplastics may enter the food chain by being eaten by progressively larger organisms until, eventually, they can be consumed by people eating seafood. Fish, scallops, mussels and oysters have been all found, in some instances, to be contaminated.

How microplastics are produced and make their way into our food. Roy Cooper / The National

“They can be formed by accident or they’re deliberately produced,” says Dan Eatherley, a British environmental consultant who has worked on ways to reduce plastic waste with Google, Greenpeace and the UK government.

So-called primary microplastics are those that are deliberately produced, such as the microbeads in some cosmetics, while secondary microplastics are formed when waste plastics break down in the environment, often, Mr Eatherley says, due to the action of waves and rocks in the sea.

“There’s a lot of plastic that gets into the ocean from nets and other plastic gear fishers use, and then there’s plastic packaging that doesn’t get properly recycled and is instead washed into rivers and out to sea,” he says.

Mr Eatherley suggests that individuals can try to reduce their use of single-use plastics, such as by using refillable drinks containers and avoiding plastic cutlery.

Takeaway cutlery can last for centuries

Plastic cutlery, often provided with takeaway food, can impact the planet for centuries. Getty

The UK’s Natural History Museum says plastic cutlery is used for an average of just three minutes, but can remain in the environment for hundreds of years.

Because plastic is “built into the entire economy of modern society”, Mr Eatherley says, avoiding its use altogether is not easy.

“We instead need to shift to a more circular economy, where all of the plastic we use gets captured and recycled,” he says.

“At the moment, though, this is difficult because so many different types of plastic are used, making it hard to separate them.”

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  A green sea turtle that lost a flipper when it became caught in marine debris, at the Khor Kalba Conservation Reserve in Kalba, on the UAE's east coast. All photos: AP Photo

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  Three quarters of green turtles and more than half of loggerhead turtles found dead in Sharjah had eaten marine debris, including plastic bags, bottle caps, rope and fishing nets, says a study published in the 'Marine Pollution Bulletin'.

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  Plastic discovered in an autopsy on a dead turtle. The study documents the damage caused by a surge in discarded plastic and other debris in the world's seas.

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  No plastic was found in the bodies of turtles in the only previous Gulf of Oman study, in 1985. 'When the majority of sea turtles have plastics in their bodies, you know you have a significant problem,' said Fadi Yaghmour, a marine expert who carried out the study.

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  Debris found inside dead turtles in Sharjah. One turtle had 325 shards, another 32 pieces of fishing net. They can cause blockages that prevent the animals from eating.

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  The study found that green sea turtles were inclined to eat drifting plastic bags and ropes, which resemble their diet of cuttlefish and jellyfish. Loggerheads ate bottle caps and other small pieces of hard plastic mistaken for marine invertebrates. The youngest turtles ate the most plastic.

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  Conservationists in the UAE are seeking to protect the country’s turtles from the threats. Community officers respond to reports of turtles in distress and rescue the reptiles for rehabilitation. 'If we lose these turtles, the ecosystem will die,' said Abdulkarim Vettan operational manager at Al Qurum Mangrove Centre in Kalba.

Laboratory studies indicate that microplastics can be harmful to human cells, but studies conclusively showing negative impacts on human health are lacking.

Many UAE residents may wonder whether the bottled water they consume has an impact on their health.

A 2018 study by researchers in Brazil, Portugal and the US, who looked at bottled water from nine countries, found that 93 per cent of samples contained microplastics, mostly plastic fragments, with fibres the next most prevalent category.

Two years later the publisher Consumer Reports tested 47 bottled waters and found Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs), known as “forever chemicals” because they linger in the environment, in “many products”.

These chemicals, the source of which was unclear, have been associated with developmental changes, cancer and harm to the immune system, among other effects.

In the majority of still water samples, PFAS levels were below one part per trillion, while a slight majority of carbonated waters were above this threshold. In nearly all samples, heavy metal quantities were within safety limits.

What are the main sources of microplastics?

A single load of washing can release as many as 700,000 individual microplastic fibres. Getty

Clothing

Washing clothes adds huge numbers of microplastic particles to the environment. Figures published by the Natural History Museum say a single load of washing can release as many as 700,000 individual fibres. Narrower than a human hair, these tend not to be removed by filtration systems, so find their way into waterways and, ultimately, the sea. The Marine Conservation Society says domestic and industrial washing cycles may generate 35 per cent of primary microplastics. Laundry bags are available to help reduce microplastic pollution from washing machines.

Car tyres

These are one of the biggest sources of microplastic pollution because, as any driver knows, they wear out. As little as one fifth of tyre content is natural rubber with much of the rest being human-made substances, including plastics. Friends of the Earth, the environmental organisation, says half a million tonnes of plastic fragments are released from tyres each year on Europe’s roads. A large proportion of these fragments end up in rivers and oceans after being washed into drains by rainwater.

Toiletries and cosmetics

Numerous products contain intentionally added microplastics or microbeads, which may be eaten by fish or birds that mistake them for food. Colgate, the toothpaste company, says microbeads are added for various purposes, including to improve shelf life, add bulk, allow the timed release of active ingredients and as abrasives or exfoliants. Some countries have restricted the use of microbeads, such as the US with its 2015 Microbead-Free Waters Act, which “prohibits the manufacturing, packaging and distribution of rinse-off cosmetics containing plastic microbeads”.

Packaging

Because plastic does not biodegrade, plastic items such as food packaging, drinks bottles and the like are physically broken down into smaller pieces, which ultimately become microplastics. More than eight billion tonnes of plastic has been produced over time, less than 10 per cent of which has been recycled. About 12 per cent is incinerated, the UK’s University of Nottingham says, leaving the rest in landfill sites or the environment.

Dust

A significant proportion of dust in the air consists of microplastics, some of which may contain toxic materials such as pesticides and heavy metals, and may be breathed in. Carpets and paint are sources of this microplastic dust, although categories above, such as tyres and, in particular, clothing, are also key culprits. Echoing the global movement of plastic in the oceans, this dust can travel long distances when it is lifted high into the atmosphere and transported by air currents.

A version of this article was first published in October 2022.